Kriteria Visibilitas Hilal Menurut Pemerintah dalam Penetapan Awal Bulan Kamariah (Studi Terhadap Keputusan Menteri Agama (KMA) Tentang Penetapan Awal Ramadhan, Syawal dan Dzulhijjah 1422 – 1432 H / 2001 - 2011 M)

Dalam penentuan awal bulan kamariah, terdapat beberapa metode yang menjadi dasar dalam penentuannya, antara lain yaitu, dengan menggunakan metode hisab dan rukyat. Sebenarnya baik hisab maupun rukyat keduanya mempunyai sasaran yang sama, yaitu hilal. Oleh karena itu, sebenarnya antara kedua hal tersebut tidak perlu dipertentangkan lagi, melainkan sesuatu yang saling melengkapi satu sama lain. Perhitungan hisab yang benar dan akurat, tentu akan bisa dibuktikan dengan rukyat yang benar pula, akan tetapi persoalan yang masih tersisa bagi umat Islam saat ini adalah masalah kriteria imkan ar-rukyat (visibilitas hilal) yang akan digunakan. Apabila permasalahan ini dapat diatasi, maka bisa dipastikan umat Islam tidak lagi terjebak dengan perbedaan pendapat dan pandangan dari berbagai kalangan, tentang penentuan awal bulan manakala hilal berada pada posisi yang “kritis”. Berdasarkan hasil penelusuran dan analisis yang mendalam, peneliti dapat menyimpulkan bahwa kriteria visibilitas hilal yang digunakan oleh Pemerintah dalam penetapan awal bulan (Ramadhan, Syawal dan Dzulhijjah) tahun 1422 – 1432 H / 2001 – 2011 M. dapat disimpulkan bahwa (1) Kriteria awal bulan yang digunakan oleh pemerintah merupakan kriteria yang didasarkan pada visibilitas hilal atas kesaksian para perukyat yang diuji berdasarkan hisab yang akuratdan selanjutnya dibahas dalam forum sidang Isbat dan kemudian di putuskan oleh pemerintah. (2) Kriteria awal bulan dimaksud adalah solusi alternatif atas perbedaan pendapat dan pandangan yang selama ini terjadi dengan kriteria tinggi hilal 2 derajat dan umur bulan 8 jam dari saat ijtima’ saat matahari terbenam dengan menggunakan perhitungan sistem hisab Haqiqi Tahqiqi. Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut, pemerintah dalam hal ini melalui Menteri Agama memiliki otoritas dan wewenang dalam menetapkan awal puasa dan hari raya dalam sidang isbat yang dilaksanakan setiap tahunnya. Melalui Ditjen Bimas Islam juga dibentuk suatu lembaga, yakni Badan Hisab Rukyat (BHR) yang bertugas melakukan pengkajian, penelitian dan pengembangan hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan hisab-rukyat dan pelaksanaan ibadah. Oleh sebab itu umat Islam juga perlu memberikan dukungan terwujudnya sebuah kalender Islam (Kalender Hijriah) yang mapan yaitu memberikan kepastian tanggal, yang tidak hanya digunakan untuk kepentingan ibadah, tetapi juga dapat menjadi sebuah kalender civil yang dapat digunakan untuk kepentingan sehari-hari, seperti bertransaksi, bisnis dan kegiatan-kegiatan administrasi lainny

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Inkuiri Terbimbing terhadap Hasil Belajar

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bagaimana hasil belajar peserta didik menggunakan inkuiri terbimbing,untuk mengetahui bagaimana hasil belajar peserta didik menggunakan inkuiri mandiri serta untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat perbedaan hasil belajar peserta didik menggunakan inkuiri terbimbing dan yang menggunakan inkuiri mandiri pada kelas IX MTs Madani Alauddin Pao-pao. Pemilihan sampel melalui teknik purposive sampling. Instrumen pengumpulan data hasil belajar peserta didik pada mata pelajaran fisika melalui soal yang terdiri atas 10 soal PG (Pilihan Ganda) dan 3 soal Essai, penerapan model pembelajaran melalui observasi dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif dan inferensial yaitu t-dua sampel independen. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data menggunakan statistik deskriptif diperoleh rata-rata hasil belajar peserta didik sebelum penerapan kedua model pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing berada pada kategori tinggi, setelah penerapan model pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing berada kategori sangat tinggi, sedangkan hasil inferensial yaitu thitung>ttabel sehingga tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar pada mata pelajaran fisika

Kampung Beting: Family Resilience Against Religious Radicalism

The work cuptures the rise of terrorist movements involving families. The studies of family involvement in acts of terrorism in Indonesia have not much been done. The work is based on research conducted in Kampung Beting of Pontianak City, which is stigmatized as a drug trafficking village. It explores family parenting patterns and family responses to live problems especially on community literacy about religious radicalism. The findings include, first, the pattern of instilling religious values in families is relatively vulnerable. Family parentings have shown physical resilience, social resilience and psychological resilience. The work finds the important roles of parents in instilling religious values and building communication with their children and the ability of families to solve problems they face. Education has been found very important within the community. Second, with regard to the existing conditions, people choose to “make peace” with the reality. The attitude of the people is split from pessimistic, pragmatic and optimistic. Third, public literacy about religious radicalism is quite good among ordinary people and religious and community leaders. Being radical in society’s point of view is an act of violence, while adhering to religious principles is considered not being radical. Defending the honor of religion is a matter of principle, thus encouraging them to fight. Fourth, four factors fortifying the community include the open and straightforward attitude of the community, the community involvement into the city security network, the high community mechanical solidarity and the effective role of religious leaders in fostering society

IMPLEMENTASI MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS ANDROID SEBAGAI SISTEM FAST RESPOND EVALUATION

IMPLEMENTASI MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS ANDROID SEBAGAI SISTEMFAST RESPOND EVALUATIO

TEACHERS' STRATEGIES OF TEACHING ENGLISH IN ONLINE LEARNING DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Abstract: Teaching English is a process carried out by teachers or tutors in schools or educational institutions. Teaching English is carried out from early childhood to high school. Generally teaching English is done in the classroom but since mid-2020 Indonesia has been hit by the COVID-19 pandemic which has made many changes, including teaching English which is done online. This is a consideration by the teacher on how to deliver learning materials online while still meeting the needs of learning objectives. Therefore, the importance of strategies in teaching English online for teachers both in terms of material, method, and mentality.This study presents how teachers teach by using the teaching strategies they use as well as find out the instructions to the media used by teachers during online teaching during the pandemic at SMP Al Hidayah Malang. This study uses a qualitative approach and data collection methods through interviews, and data analysis techniques using the Miles, Huberman, and Saldana methods which include data reduction, data display, and drawing conclusions and verification. The participants in this study were two English teachers who teach at SMP Al Hidayah Malang. The results of this study indicate that the factors that hinder online learning are technical factors in online learning such as limited internet signal when teaching, student devices or devices that do not support certain applications, limited student quota, and lack of student motivation. In addition, there are three strategies that teachers use in teaching online. First, assigning group assignments to students with the aim of training students' cooperation. Second, the provision of ice breaking games in ongoing learning is intended to avoid student boredom in doing online learning. Third, giving individual assignments in the form of online quizzes after online learning is complete, this is intended to improve students' independent learning abilities. Based on the results of the study, the researcher hopes that the English teachers will use this research as additional information or a reference. The researcher suggest that teachers can develop interesting strategies that have been used and easily accepted by students. This research can help students majoring in English to find out more details in preparing for more optimal learning. For further researchers, it is recommended to conduct research by adding other instruments such as observation and adding participants. keywords: teaching english, teaching strategy, online learning, pandemic covid-1

Multicultural Politics of Recognition and Postcolonial Citizenship

One of the current debates in the social sciences is related to the linkage between aspects of ethnicity, race and cultural diversity, related to citizenship, the issue of inclusiveness and political community. This debate is inseparable from the tendency of the liberal democratic system today which currently dominates the dynamics of social science thinking. This debate is related to fact that these various aspects are often encountered in an understanding that seems to tend to be dichotomous. This condition makes discussion about these aspects encourage desire to examine them in various theories and various frameworks of thought. One perspective that is offered to examine the debate is structuralism which is then linked to normative theories of multiculturalism and is accompanied by the presence of postcolonial criticism of ethnic and racial hierarchies in politics as discussed very well in this book by Rachel Busbridge

PENGEMBANGAN INSTRUMEN PENILAIAN KINERJA PRAKTIKUM FISIKA KURIKULUM 2013

AbstrakTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui prosedur pengembangan, tingkat keefektifan dan kevalidan dari instrumen penilaian kinerja pada mata pelajaran fisika kelas XI IPA 1 di SMA Negeri 14 Gowa. Jenis dari penelitian ini yaitu Research and Development mengacu pada model pengembangan Borg dan Gall. Komponen yang dikembangkan pada penelitian ini adalah perangkat penilaian unjuk kerja praktikum fisika kurikulum 2013. Teknik dalam mengumpulkan data dalam penelitian ini dengan menggunakan angket. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui prosedur pengembangan melalui 7 tahapan sehingga diperoleh instrumen penilaian kinerja pada pelajaran fisika kelas XI IPA yang layak. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data menggunakan scientific approach diperoleh hasil kevalidan pada instrumen penilaian kinerja yang telah direvisi sebanyak 2 kali. Instrumen penilaian kinerja telah memenuhi kategori valid dengan skor rata-rata 0,81. Uji coba keefektifan pada instrumen memperoleh skor persentase 100% termasuk dalam kategori efektif. Hal tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa instrumen pada penilaian kinerja yang telah dikembangkan layak digunakan pada kelas XI IPA 1 SMA Negeri 14 Gowa. AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the development procedure, the level of effectiveness and validity of the performance assessment instrument in physics class XI IPA 1 at SMA Negeri 14 Gowa. The type of this research is Research and Development which refers to the Borg and Gall development model. The component developed in this study was a 2013 curriculum physics practicum performance assessment tool. The technique of collecting data in this study was using a questionnaire. From the research results, it is known that the development procedure through 7 stages in order to obtain a proper performance assessment instrument in physics class XI IPA. Based on the results of data analysis using the scientific approach, the validity results of the performance assessment instrument were revised 2 times. The performance assessment instrument has met the valid category with an average score of 0.81. Testing the effectiveness of the instrument to obtain a percentage score of 100% is included in the effective category. This indicates that the instrument for performance assessment that has been developed is suitable for using in class XI IPA 1 SMA Negeri 14 Gowa

PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN POP UP BOX BERBASIS PROBLEM SOLVING PADA MATA PELAJARAN IPA FISIKA

AbstrakMedia pembelajaran sebagai alat bantu dalam proses pembelajaran perlu dikembangkan sesuai dengan karakteristik peserta didik. Tujuan dilaksanakannya penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui gambaran media pembelajaran yang memiliki kriteria valid, efektif, dan praktis. Pengembangan media pembelajaran ini menggunakan prosedur model 4D, yang terdiri dari Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate. Penelitian ini menggunakan subjek sejumlah 24 peserta didik yang berasal dari kelas VII 3 MTsN Barru, Kab. Barru pada semester ganjil. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan lembar validasi media, lembar observasi, angket respon peserta didik, dan tes hasil belajar. Hasil penelitian dengan teknik analisis deskriptif diperoleh tingkat kevalidan V= 0,89 dapat dikatakan telah valid dan layak digunakan. Tingkat kepraktisan diperoleh >50% dari respon peserta didik. sedangkan tingkat keefektifan diperoleh 80% peserta didik mendapatkan tes hasil belajar yang memuaskan sehingga dapat meningkatkan dan memecahkan masalah peserta didik. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan, media pembelajaran Pop Up Box berbasis problem solving yang dikembangkan dapat memenuhi kriteria kevalidan, kepraktisan, dan keefektifan. AbstractLearning media as a tool in the learning process needs to be developed according to students' characteristics. The purpose of carrying out this research is to determine the description of learning media that has valid, effective, and practical criteria. The development of this learning media uses the 4D model procedure, which consists of Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate. This study used the subject of a total of 24 students from class VII 3 MTsN Barru, Kab. Barru in odd semester. Data collection was carried out using media validation sheets, observation sheets, student response questionnaires, and learning outcomes tests. The results of research with descriptive analysis techniques obtained the validity level V = 0.89 can be said to have been valid and fit for use. The level of practicality is obtained> 50% of the responses of students. while the level of effectiveness obtained 80% of students get a satisfactory learning outcome test so that it can improve and solve students' problems. Based on the research that has been done, the Pop Up Box learning media based on problem solving developed can meet the criteria of validity, practicality, and effectiveness

KRITERIA VISIBILITAS HILAL DALAM PENETAPAN AWAL BULAN KAMARIAH DI INDONESIA

To determine the start of lunar months, there are several methods that serve as the basis, among others by using the methods of hisab (calculation) and rukyat (new moon sighting). Actually, both hisab and rukyat have the same goal, namely hilal. Therefore, the two methods do not need to be disputed any more. In fact they complement each other. Calculation of the correct and accurate reckoning will certainly be proven by rukyat anyway. However, the problem remain for Muslims today is the critera imkan ar-rukyat (visibility of the new moon) used. If these problems can be overcome, then it is certain that Muslims are no longer stuck with the difference of opinions and views from many quarters about the determination of the beginning of the month, when the hilal is on a "critical" position. As for the criterion concerning the visibility of the new moon in Indonesia, which has been used by the Government and become standard in the determination of kamariah (Ramadhān, Syawāl and Dzulhijjah) is the height of hilal at 2 degrees, the Sun-Moon distance is a minimum of 3 degrees, or a minimum hilal period of 8 hours based on data collected by the Agency of Hisab and Rukyat of the Ministry of Religious Affairs from a variety of sources. This is an implementation of the legitimate law (the Qur'an and the Hadith) that serves as the basis in determining the beginning of the month. In addition, the validity of rukyat is first tested with astronomical data which are discussed in the next session of the forum and later in Isbat decided by the Government and becomes an alternative solution to the differences of opinion and views that may occur. The Government through the Minister of Religious Affairs serves as the holder of authority (qadi) which has the legal authority to determine the beginning of the Islamic fasting and holy day in isbāt session held annually. Through Ditjen Bimas Islam, the Agency of Hisab and Rukyat (BHR) was established which is in charge of conducting the study, research and development of matters relating to the implementation of the hisab-rukyat and worship. Therefore, Muslims also need to support the realization of an Islamic calendar (Hijri calendar), which gives the certainty of dates, not only used for the purpose of worship, but can also be used as a civil calendar for everyday purposes, such as trade, business and other administrative activities