Pergerakan Tanah Lateral Akibat Proses Pemancangan Tiang

Pemancangan pondasi tiang pada tanah mengakibatkan desakan butiran tanah kearah lateral serta menimbulkan kenaikan tekanan air pori tanah. Hal ini memberikan pengaruh hingga jarak tertentu dan berpotensi merusak bangunan di sekitar. Pada proyek X, lokasi pemancangan soldier pile berdekatan dengan pemukiman padat penduduk. Oleh karena itu, perlu diprediksi jarak yang aman dari pengaruh proses pemancangan.Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan prediksi teoritis besarnya pergerakan tanah kearah lateral akibat pemancangan di jarak tertentu dari titik tiang yang dipancang dengan formula tertentu. Hasil prediksi secara teori ini kemudian dibandingkan dengan hasil pengukuran pergerakan tanah kearah lateral yang dilakukan menggunakan instrumentasi berupa inclinometer. Hasil keduanya akan dibandingkan sebagai kesimpulan.Soldier pile pada proyek X menggunakan jenis tiang pancang beton open ended spun pile Ø800 mm yang ditekan masuk kedalam tanah sedalam 28 meter dengan hydraulic jack. Sebelum pemancangan, terlebih dahulu dilaksanakan preboring Ø500 mm dengan kedalaman 12 meter. Menurut teori ini disimpulkan bahwa radius pengaruh pemancangan adalah sama dengan kedalaman tiang. Pengaruh tapak alat hydraulic jack terekam di inclinometer pada jarak sepertiga kedalaman tiang. Hal ini menyebabkan kesulitan prediksi secara teoritis. Pengaruh ini akan dihilangkan agar dapat dibandingkan dengan hasil prediksi. Setelah koreksi, dijumpai hasil prediksi secara teori mendekati hasil inclinometer

Anomalous Stability of nu=1 Bilayer Quantum Hall State

We have studied the fractional and integer quantum Hall (QH) effects in a high-mobility double-layer two-dimensional electron system. We have compared the "stability" of the QH state in balanced and unbalanced double quantum wells. The behavior of the n=1 QH state is found to be strikingly different from all others. It is anomalously stable, though all other states decay, as the electron density is made unbalanced between the two quantum wells. We interpret the peculiar features of the nu=1 state as the consequences of the interlayer quantum coherence developed spontaneously on the basis of the composite-boson picture.Comment: 5 pages, 6 figure

Pengaruh Kadar Semen Terhadap Soil Cement Column Pada Tanah Margomulyo - Surabaya

Aplikasi dari soil cement column untuk meningkatkan kekuatan tanah lunak menjadi tanah yang memiliki daya dukung yang tinggi diteliti dalam penelitian ini untuk mengetahui peningkatan kekuatan tanah lunak tersebut dengan waktu setelah dicampur dengan semen dengan kadar yang bervariasi dalam sebuah model test.12 kontainer berupa drum dengan diameter 46cm dan tinggi 80cm berisi tanah lunak Margomulyo digunakan dalam penelitian ini untuk membuat soil cement column. Bubuk semen, cement slurry, dan subtitusi bubuk semen dengan flyash sebanyak 15% digunakan dalam pembuatan soil cement colum berdiameter 300mm.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa penambahan flyash sebanyak 15% terhadap penggunaan bubuk semen dengan kadar sama ternyata menunjukkan kekuatan campuran menjadi lebih tinggi yaitu 31 kg/cm2.Untuk campuran Semen slurry dengan kadar 35% menghasilkan kekuatan sebesar 33 kg/cm2 setelah 28 hari. Sedangkan,penggunaan bubuk semen dengan kadar 35% hanya menghasilkan kekuatan sebesar 18 kg/cm2

Hypersensitive Response-Like Reaction Is Associated with Hybrid Necrosis in Interspecific Crosses between Tetraploid Wheat and Aegilops tauschii Coss

BACKGROUND: Hybrid speciation is classified into homoploid and polyploid based on ploidy level. Common wheat is an allohexaploid species that originated from a naturally occurring interploidy cross between tetraploid wheat and diploid wild wheat Aegilops tauschii Coss. Aegilops tauschii provides wide naturally occurring genetic variation. Sometimes its triploid hybrids with tetraploid wheat show the following four types of hybrid growth abnormalities: types II and III hybrid necrosis, hybrid chlorosis, and severe growth abortion. The growth abnormalities in the triploid hybrids could act as postzygotic hybridization barriers to prevent formation of hexaploid wheat. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here, we report on the geographical and phylogenetic distribution of Ae. tauschii accessions inducing the hybrid growth abnormalities and showed that they are widely distributed across growth habitats in Ae. tauschii. Molecular and cytological characterization of the type III necrosis phenotype was performed. The hybrid abnormality causing accessions were widely distributed across growth habitats in Ae. tauschii. Transcriptome analysis showed that a number of defense-related genes such as pathogenesis-related genes were highly up-regulated in the type III necrosis lines. Transmission electron microscope observation revealed that cell death occurred accompanied by generation of reactive oxygen species in leaves undergoing type III necrosis. The reduction of photosynthetic activity occurred prior to the appearance of necrotic symptoms on the leaves exhibiting hybrid necrosis. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Taking these results together strongly suggests that an autoimmune response might be triggered by intergenomic incompatibility between the tetraploid wheat and Ae. tauschii genomes in type III necrosis, and that genetically programmed cell death could be regarded as a hypersensitive response-like cell death similar to that observed in Arabidopsis intraspecific and Nicotiana interspecific hybrids. Only Ae. tauschii accessions without such inhibiting factors could be candidates for the D-genome donor for the present hexaploid wheat

Differential tumor surveillance by natural killer (NK) and NKT cells

Natural tumor surveillance capabilities of the host were investigated in six different mouse tumor models where endogenous interleukin (IL)-12. does or does not dictate the efficiency of the innate immune response. Gene-targeted and lymphocyte subset-depleted mice were used to establish the relative importance of natural killer (NK) and NK1.1(+) T (NKT) cells in protection from tumor initiation and metastasis. In the models examined, CD3(-) NK cells were responsible for tumor rejection and protection from metastasis in models where control of major histocompatibility complex class I-deficient tumors was independent of IL-12, A protective role for NKT cells was only observed when tumor rejection required endogenous IL-12 activity. In particular, T cell receptor J alpha 281 gene-targeted mice confirmed a critical function for NKT cells in protection from spontaneous tumors initiated by the chemical carcinogen, methylcholanthrene. This is the first description of an antitumor function for NKT cells in the absence of exogenously administered potent stimulators such as IL-12 or alpha-galactosylceramide

Stereotactic body radiotherapy for stage I lung cancer and small lung metastasis: evaluation of an immobilization system for suppression of respiratory tumor movement and preliminary results

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for lung tumors, reducing tumor movement is necessary. In this study, we evaluated changes in tumor movement and percutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO₂) levels, and preliminary clinical results of SBRT using the BodyFIX immobilization system.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Between 2004 and 2006, 53 consecutive patients were treated for 55 lesions; 42 were stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), 10 were metastatic lung cancers, and 3 were local recurrences of NSCLC. Tumor movement was measured with fluoroscopy under breath holding, free breathing on a couch, and free breathing in the BodyFIX system. SpO₂levels were measured with a finger pulseoximeter under each condition. The delivered dose was 44, 48 or 52 Gy, depending on tumor diameter, in 4 fractions over 10 or 11 days.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>By using the BodyFIX system, respiratory tumor movements were significantly reduced compared with the free-breathing condition in both craniocaudal and lateral directions, although the amplitude of reduction in the craniocaudal direction was 3 mm or more in only 27% of the patients. The average SpO₂did not decrease by using the system. At 3 years, the local control rate was 80% for all lesions. Overall survival was 76%, cause-specific survival was 92%, and local progression-free survival was 76% at 3 years in primary NSCLC patients. Grade 2 radiation pneumonitis developed in 7 patients.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Respiratory tumor movement was modestly suppressed by the BodyFIX system, while the SpO₂level did not decrease. It was considered a simple and effective method for SBRT of lung tumors. Preliminary results were encouraging.</p

Analytical validation of a standardised scoring protocol for Ki67 immunohistochemistry on breast cancer excision whole sections: an international multicentre collaboration

Aims The nuclear proliferation marker Ki67 assayed by immunohistochemistry has multiple potential uses in breast cancer, but an unacceptable level of interlaboratory variability has hampered its clinical utility. The International Ki67 in Breast Cancer Working Group has undertaken a systematic programme to determine whether Ki67 measurement can be analytically validated and standardised among laboratories. This study addresses whether acceptable scoring reproducibility can be achieved on excision whole sections. Methods and results Adjacent sections from 30 primary ER+ breast cancers were centrally stained for Ki67 and sections were circulated among 23 pathologists in 12 countries. All pathologists scored Ki67 by two methods: (i) global: four fields of 100 tumour cells each were selected to reflect observed heterogeneity in nuclear staining; (ii) hot-spot: the field with highest apparent Ki67 index was selected and up to 500 cells scored. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the global method [confidence interval (CI) = 0.87; 95% CI = 0.799-0.93] marginally met the prespecified success criterion (lower 95% CI >= 0.8), while the ICC for the hot-spot method (0.83; 95% CI = 0.74-0.90) did not. Visually, interobserver concordance in location of selected hot-spots varies between cases. The median times for scoring were 9 and 6 min for global and hot-spot methods, respectively. Conclusions The global scoring method demonstrates adequate reproducibility to warrant next steps towards evaluation for technical and clinical validity in appropriate cohorts of cases. The time taken for scoring by either method is practical using counting software we are making publicly available. Establishment of external quality assessment schemes is likely to improve the reproducibility between laboratories further