26 research outputs found
International diffusion of renewable energy innovations : lessons from the lead markets for wind power in China, Germany and USA
The international diffusion of environmental innovations is getting increasing attention as an opportunity to improve competitiveness. Especially in the energy sector, countries use policy support to this end. A recent goal in this context is the formation of "lead markets", which represents the idea that countries can build up first-mover advantages that will increase their competitiveness. Taking the lead in international diffusion of a particular innovation benefits a country's industry through creating increasing returns of technological development and stimulating exports to expanding international markets. Interaction between national and international forces affecting renewable energy innovation and its diffusion has received fairly little attention so far. Here, we investigate the formation of lead markets for wind power technologies in China, Germany and the USA to see whether policy support of renewable energy innovation is capable of improving competitiveness. An extension of the current lead market framework is developed to include supply side factors and technology policy issues. The comparative analysis of lead market potential for wind power indicates a high level of internationalization of the industry with countriesholding lead positions in specific parts the supply chain. Competitive advantages were built upon policy support but tended to shift among countrie
Applications of power to gas technologies in emerging electrical systems
Abstract The energy sector is undergoing substantial changes in order to promote better efficiency, increase the use of renewable energy, reduce emissions and effectively deploy technologies to trade off costs and benefits One emerging solution is the application of the Power-to-Gas technology, which can be used for different purposes. In recent years, Power-to-Gas has been studied to understand the role it could play in the electrical system. This paper has the aims of analysing the existing literature about the Power-to-Gas technology in detail, by considering some solutions that have a direct impact on the electrical system (in particular electrolyser and CO2 production) and applications in the different sectors of the electricity value chain (i.e., generation, transmission, distribution and utilisation). This paper sets out the conceptual aspects that are necessary to include Power-to-Gas facilities in a more comprehensive analysis framework of the operation of the electrical system in various sectors. Some perspectives concerning new Power-to-Gas applications are also presented for each sector, and some promising aspects that are expected to play a relevant role in the future technical and economic evolution of electrical systems are discussed
Prevalence of temporomandibular joint disorders and neck pain in musicians: a sytematic review
Low-carbon innovation: Renewable energy drivers and policies
El desarrollo de la innovación baja en carbono es necesario para generar energía suficiente y,
al mismo tiempo, reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero de manera
suficientemente rápida para evitar un cambio climático extremo. Esto hace con que sea
fundamental el entendimiento de los factores capaces de acelerar el desarrollo y la difusión de
la innovación baja en carbono. La innovación baja en carbono en el sector energético involucra
diversos desafíos en función de la especificidad de sus características y dinámica, razón por la
hay renovado interés en su investigación. Esta tesis doctoral reúne una serie de cinco artículos
científicos que buscan explorar tópicos emergentes en torno a particular dinámica de la
innovación baja en carbono, a saber: la formación de mercados líder, la diversidad tecnológica,
la trayectoria tecnológica, estrategias de obtención de conocimiento, e impacto en la reducción
de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero.
El primer artículo presenta una extensión del marco de referencia para análisis de
mercados líder donde son adicionalmente considerados los factores referentes a la cadena de
suministro y a políticas tecnológicas. Con base en la comparación del desarrollo de mercados
líder en la industria eólica de Alemania, China, y Estados Unidos, este estudio demuestra el
papel de los contextos de negocios y de las políticas de suporte a la innovación baja en carbono
específicos de cada país. El segundo artículo explora el papel de la diversidad en el desarrollo
de la innovación baja en carbono. Con base en el caso de la industria de energía fotovoltaica,
nueve indicadores de diversidad tecnológica son aplicados para mapear la tendencia en la
industria y su impacto en el desarrollo de nuevas innovaciones. El tercero artículo investiga la
relación entre la evolución del conocimiento científico y la innovación baja en carbono en
turbinas eólicas. Basándose en una nueva modelo para el análisis de citaciones, este artículo
presenta nueva evidencia empírica de la relación entre desarrollo de conocimiento científico y
la innovación baja en carbono. El cuarto artículo discute los resultados de una encuesta original
realizada con organizaciones de investigación para analizar el impacto de diferentes estrategias
de obtención de conocimiento en la innovación baja en carbono. Con base en la comparación
de la investigación en energía solar y eólica, este estudio demuestra la importancia de políticas
direccionadas a tecnologías específicas. Finalmente, el quinto artículo explora de que forma la
rápida difusión de innovaciones bajas en carbono puede afectar su efecto en términos de
reducciones de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Analizando el caso de la energía
eólica, este estudio demuestra el desequilibrio entre capacidad instalada y efectiva producción
de energía eólica en cuatro países líderes en capacidad de generación eólica, a saber: Alemania,
China, España y Estados Unidos.
En resumen, esta tesis combina diferentes perspectivas de economía evolucionaria,
ambiental y ecológica con estudios de innovación y clima para investigar las particular
dinámica de innovación baja en carbono. Al estudiar los casos de las energías solar y eólica,
esta tesis ofrece datos empíricos originales e ilustra nuevas posibilidades de suporte a la
innovación baja en carbono.Low-carbon innovation is required to match energy supply with GHG emissions reductions at a quick enough pace to avoid dangerous climate change. This calls for a deeper understanding of low-carbon innovation to explore factors capable of speeding up its development and diffusion. Low-carbon innovation in the energy sector involves a number of challenges due to its particular characteristics and dynamics which have renewed the interest in exploring its drivers. This doctoral dissertation combines a series of five research papers which address emerging issues regarding the particular dynamics of low-carbon innovation, namely: lead markets formation, technological diversity, technological trajectory, knowledge sourcing strategies and impact on GHG emissions reduction.
In the first research paper, an extension of the lead market framework is developed to include supply side factors and technology policy issues. By comparing the development of lead markets in the wind power industry in China, Germany and the USA, this study shows the role of countries’ specific business contexts and policy responses on low-carbon innovation. The second study is dedicated to explore the role of diversity in low-carbon innovations. By looking at the solar photovoltaic (PV) industry, nine indicators of technological diversity are applied to map diversity trends in the industry and its impact on further innovation. Subsequently, the third research paper links scientific knowledge evolution and low-carbon innovation in wind turbines. Based on a novel approach to citation analysis, this study offers original evidence on this relationship. The fourth article is based on an original survey among research organisations to analyse the impact of distinct strategies of external knowledge sourcing on low-carbon innovation. By comparing research on solar and wind power, this study depicts the importance of technology-specific policies. The fifth and final study explores how fast deployment of low-carbon innovation can affect its potential of GHG emissions reduction. Considering the case of wind power, it addresses the mismatch between installed capacity and actual wind power output in four of the leading countries in terms of generation capacity, namely: China, the United States, Germany and Spain.
In summary, this dissertation combines different perspectives from evolutionary, environmental and ecological economics with innovation and climate studies to explore the particular dynamics of low-carbon innovation. By looking at the cases of solar and wind power, this dissertation builds up original evidence and sheds new light into the possibilities of fostering innovation in low-carbon technologies
Low-carbon innovation: Renewable energy drivers and policies
El desarrollo de la innovación baja en carbono es necesario para generar energía suficiente y,
al mismo tiempo, reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero de manera
suficientemente rápida para evitar un cambio climático extremo. Esto hace con que sea
fundamental el entendimiento de los factores capaces de acelerar el desarrollo y la difusión de
la innovación baja en carbono. La innovación baja en carbono en el sector energético involucra
diversos desafíos en función de la especificidad de sus características y dinámica, razón por la
hay renovado interés en su investigación. Esta tesis doctoral reúne una serie de cinco artículos
científicos que buscan explorar tópicos emergentes en torno a particular dinámica de la
innovación baja en carbono, a saber: la formación de mercados líder, la diversidad tecnológica,
la trayectoria tecnológica, estrategias de obtención de conocimiento, e impacto en la reducción
de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero.
El primer artículo presenta una extensión del marco de referencia para análisis de
mercados líder donde son adicionalmente considerados los factores referentes a la cadena de
suministro y a políticas tecnológicas. Con base en la comparación del desarrollo de mercados
líder en la industria eólica de Alemania, China, y Estados Unidos, este estudio demuestra el
papel de los contextos de negocios y de las políticas de suporte a la innovación baja en carbono
específicos de cada país. El segundo artículo explora el papel de la diversidad en el desarrollo
de la innovación baja en carbono. Con base en el caso de la industria de energía fotovoltaica,
nueve indicadores de diversidad tecnológica son aplicados para mapear la tendencia en la
industria y su impacto en el desarrollo de nuevas innovaciones. El tercero artículo investiga la
relación entre la evolución del conocimiento científico y la innovación baja en carbono en
turbinas eólicas. Basándose en una nueva modelo para el análisis de citaciones, este artículo
presenta nueva evidencia empírica de la relación entre desarrollo de conocimiento científico y
la innovación baja en carbono. El cuarto artículo discute los resultados de una encuesta original
realizada con organizaciones de investigación para analizar el impacto de diferentes estrategias
de obtención de conocimiento en la innovación baja en carbono. Con base en la comparación
de la investigación en energía solar y eólica, este estudio demuestra la importancia de políticas
direccionadas a tecnologías específicas. Finalmente, el quinto artículo explora de que forma la
rápida difusión de innovaciones bajas en carbono puede afectar su efecto en términos de
reducciones de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Analizando el caso de la energía
eólica, este estudio demuestra el desequilibrio entre capacidad instalada y efectiva producción
de energía eólica en cuatro países líderes en capacidad de generación eólica, a saber: Alemania,
China, España y Estados Unidos.
En resumen, esta tesis combina diferentes perspectivas de economía evolucionaria,
ambiental y ecológica con estudios de innovación y clima para investigar las particular
dinámica de innovación baja en carbono. Al estudiar los casos de las energías solar y eólica,
esta tesis ofrece datos empíricos originales e ilustra nuevas posibilidades de suporte a la
innovación baja en carbono.Low-carbon innovation is required to match energy supply with GHG emissions reductions at a quick enough pace to avoid dangerous climate change. This calls for a deeper understanding of low-carbon innovation to explore factors capable of speeding up its development and diffusion. Low-carbon innovation in the energy sector involves a number of challenges due to its particular characteristics and dynamics which have renewed the interest in exploring its drivers. This doctoral dissertation combines a series of five research papers which address emerging issues regarding the particular dynamics of low-carbon innovation, namely: lead markets formation, technological diversity, technological trajectory, knowledge sourcing strategies and impact on GHG emissions reduction.
In the first research paper, an extension of the lead market framework is developed to include supply side factors and technology policy issues. By comparing the development of lead markets in the wind power industry in China, Germany and the USA, this study shows the role of countries’ specific business contexts and policy responses on low-carbon innovation. The second study is dedicated to explore the role of diversity in low-carbon innovations. By looking at the solar photovoltaic (PV) industry, nine indicators of technological diversity are applied to map diversity trends in the industry and its impact on further innovation. Subsequently, the third research paper links scientific knowledge evolution and low-carbon innovation in wind turbines. Based on a novel approach to citation analysis, this study offers original evidence on this relationship. The fourth article is based on an original survey among research organisations to analyse the impact of distinct strategies of external knowledge sourcing on low-carbon innovation. By comparing research on solar and wind power, this study depicts the importance of technology-specific policies. The fifth and final study explores how fast deployment of low-carbon innovation can affect its potential of GHG emissions reduction. Considering the case of wind power, it addresses the mismatch between installed capacity and actual wind power output in four of the leading countries in terms of generation capacity, namely: China, the United States, Germany and Spain.
In summary, this dissertation combines different perspectives from evolutionary, environmental and ecological economics with innovation and climate studies to explore the particular dynamics of low-carbon innovation. By looking at the cases of solar and wind power, this dissertation builds up original evidence and sheds new light into the possibilities of fostering innovation in low-carbon technologies
Diversity in solar photovoltaic energy: Implications for innovation and policy
We undertake a qualitative empirical study of the solar photovoltaic (PV) industry in order to investigate the role of diversity in stimulating innovation and diffusion. Based on evolutionary-economic concepts, we identify the main dimensions and components of diversity in the solar PV industry. Using nine indicators and additional information about recent developments regarding technologies, markets and actors (countries and firms), the dynamic potential is assessed for the various solar PV technologies. It is concluded that the dominant trend is an increase or maintenance of diversity among solar PV technologies, which likely contributes positively to innovation and diffusion. We discuss the implications of taking into account the role of diversity of solar PV in the design of energy policies
Mismatch of wind power capacity and generation: causing factors, GHG emissions and potential policy responses
Policies to assure combatting climate change and realising energy security have stimulated a rapid growth in global installed capacity of renewable energy generation. The expansion of power generation from renewables, though, has so far lagged behind the growth in generation capacity. This indicates missed and relatively cheap opportunities to reduce GHG emissions. This paper sheds light on the mismatch between installed capacity and power generation for the case of wind power. It analyses and compares wind power developments in the four countries that contributed most to the increase in wind power capacity during the last decade: namely, China, the United States, Germany and Spain. We estimate the dynamics of capacity utilisation of wind power installations and identify its drivers. Finally, we identify potential policies to reduce the gap between power capacity and generation, which will contribute to cost-effective reduction of GHG emissions