Histopathological analysis on sinonasal masses with special stains and immunohistochemical markers

INTRODUCTION: A variety of non-neoplastic and neoplastic conditions involves the sinonasal region by virtue of their anatomic and histologic diversity. Majority of them are non-neoplastic lesions. The incidence of nasal polyps is 1% - 4% in general population. In the neoplastic lesions, benign tumors were more frequent than malignant tumors.1 Carcinomas of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses account for 0.2-0.8% of all malignant neoplasms and Squamous cell carcinoma represents 3% of all head and neck neoplasms. By Clinical, radiological and endoscopic modalities it is impossible to distinguish simple nasal polyps from neoplastic polypoidal lesions. Histopathology is the mainstay of definitive diagnosis. Special staining such as PAS, Mucicarmine and Immunohistochemical staining profile plays the most important role in accurate diagnosis. AIM AND OBJECTIVES: 1. To study the pathology of various nonneoplastic and neoplastic lesions. 2. To study the frequency and distribution of various nonneoplastic and neoplastic lesions. 3. To study the rare and unusual lesions. 4. To analyse the difficult cases with the help of Immunohistochemistry. Place of Study: Department of Pathology, Thanjavur Medical College Hospital, Thanjavur. Study period: June 2015 to May 2017. Design of Study: Prospective and observational Study. Ethical committee clearance: Prior approval obtained from ethical committee. Sample: A total of 160 Nasal endoscopic biopsy specimens and excision specimens from patients diagnosed with sinonasal mass in ENT department at Thanjavur Medical College Hospital, Thanjavur were included in the study. Inclusion criteria: 1. Cases of sinonasal masses presented to ENT department. 2. Primary lesions of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses confirmed with Diagnostic nasal endoscopy. 3. All age groups were included. Exclusion criteria: 1. Lesions of nasal skin. 2. Lesions of vestibule of nose, as these tumors probably were related more to skin primary tumors than to nasal carcinoma. 3. Secondary invasion (metastasis) of the sinuses and nasal cavity. 4. Recurrence cases after: Radio therapy / Chemotherapy. Fixative used: All the tissues were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, processed, stained with H & E. Immunohistochemistry special stains (PAS) were used wherever necessary. RESULTS: Out of total 160 cases of sinonasal masses 119 (74.4 %) were Non Neoplastic Lesions and 41 (25.6 %) were Neoplastic Lesions. Schneiderian papilloma 10 cases (6.3%) were the commonest Benign Neoplastic lesions and Squamous Cell Carcinoma were the commonest Malignant Neoplastic lesions.11 cases (6.8%) with male preponderance in age group between 40 to 60 years. IHC with Cytokeratin AE1 / AE3 was very helpful in accurate diagnosis of Undifferentiated carcinoma and special stain with PAS was very helpful in fungal lesions. CONCLUSION: This study mainly highlights the prevalence of Benign and Malignant sinonasal masses. Histopathological evaluation is mandatory for accurate diagnosis and in certain cases such as Undifferentiated carcinomas, Immunohistochemistry became the ultimate diagnostic technique so that a correct and timely intervention can be made for patient management

Medical Dataset Classification: A Machine Learning Paradigm Integrating Particle Swarm Optimization with Extreme Learning Machine Classifier

Medical data classification is a prime data mining problem being discussed about for a decade that has attracted several researchers around the world. Most classifiers are designed so as to learn from the data itself using a training process, because complete expert knowledge to determine classifier parameters is impracticable. This paper proposes a hybrid methodology based on machine learning paradigm. This paradigm integrates the successful exploration mechanism called self-regulated learning capability of the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm with the extreme learning machine (ELM) classifier. As a recent off-line learning method, ELM is a single-hidden layer feedforward neural network (FFNN), proved to be an excellent classifier with large number of hidden layer neurons. In this research, PSO is used to determine the optimum set of parameters for the ELM, thus reducing the number of hidden layer neurons, and it further improves the network generalization performance. The proposed method is experimented on five benchmarked datasets of the UCI Machine Learning Repository for handling medical dataset classification. Simulation results show that the proposed approach is able to achieve good generalization performance, compared to the results of other classifiers

Biomass and Carbon Stock Estimation in Woody Grass (\u3cem\u3eDendrocalamus strictus\u3c/em\u3e L.) in Doon Valley, India

Bamboos commonly kown as woody grass are one of the most important species particularly in Asia, where it is frequently considered as the ―timber of the poor‖ (Rao et al., 1985). With about 23 genera and 136 species, India is the second largest reservoir of bamboos, next only to China (SFR, 2013 and Nath et al., 2009). Bamboos occur extensively in the managed ecosystems of India—both as plantations (and in agroforestry (scattered clumps, hedgerows on farm boundaries etc. Dendrocalamus strictus L. is most commonly found bamboo in India. It is widely distributed in dry deciduous forests and grows rapidly in all climatic conditions and occupies about 53 % of total bamboo area in India. It grows better in the drier parts and on sandstone, granite and coarse grained soils with low moisture- retaining capacity and soils with pH range 5.5–7.6. It grows more than 8 feet in 6–8 months. The species is used widely for as raw material in paper mills and also for variety of purposes such as construction, agricultural implements, musical instruments, furniture etc. The species is also suitable for reclamations of degraded and ravine lands. The accurate assessment of biomass estimates of a forest is important for many applications (Brown, 2002; Chave et al., 2004; Arora et al., 2014; Verma et al., 2014). In recent years, the carbon cycle has become an important issue in the world and plants play a major role in carbon storage. Biomass estimation enables us to estimate the amount of carbon dioxide that can be sequestered from the atmosphere. However, most of the carbon and biomass studies focus on assessing the capability of trees viz., poplar, eucalyptus, shisham, chir teak, subabul etc. The studies related to biomass and carbon stock estimation in bamboos is limited. The present study examine specifically the above ground stand biomass, biomass structure and C storage in D. strictus

Di­hydro­oxazolones and di­hydro­imidazolo­nes derived from acyl­glycines: syntheses, mol­ecular structures and supra­molecular assembly

Syntheses and structures are described for some alkyl­idene-substituted di­­hydro­oxazolones and di­hydro­imidazoles derived from simple acyl­glycines. A second, triclinic, polymorph of 4-benzyl­idene-2-(4-methyl­phen­yl)-1,3-oxazol-5(4H)-one, C17H13NO2, (I), has been identified and the structure of 2-methyl-4-[(thio­phen-2-yl)methyl­idene]-1,3-oxazol-5(4H)-one, C9H7NO2S, (II), has been rerefined taking into account the orientational disorder of the thienyl group in each of the two independent mol­ecules. The reactions of phenyl­hydrazine with 2-phenyl-4-[(thio­phen-2-yl)methyl­idene]-1,3-oxazol-5(4H)-one or 2-(4-methyl­phen­yl)-4-[(thio­phen-2-yl)methyl­idene]-1,3-oxazol-5(4H)-one yield, respectively, 3-anilino-2-phenyl-5-[(thio­phen-2-yl)methyl­idene]-3,5-di­hydro-4H-imid­azol-4-one, C10H15N3OS, (III), and 3-anilino-2-(4-methyl­phen­yl)-5-[(thio­phen-2-yl)methyl­idene]-3,5-di­hydro-4H-imidazol-4-one, C21H17N3OS, (IV), which both exhibit orientational disorder in their thienyl groups. The reactions of 2-phenyl-4-[(thio­phen-2-yl)methyl­idene]-1,3-oxazol-5(4H)-one with hydrazine hydrate or with water yield, respectively, N-[3-hydrazinyl-3-oxo-1-(thio­phen-2-yl)prop-1-en-2-yl]benzamide and 2-(benzoyl­amino)-3-(thio­phen-2-yl)prop-2-enoic acid, which in turn react, respectively, with thio­phene-2-carbaldehyde to form 2-phenyl-5-[(thio­phen-2-yl)methyl­idene]-3-{[(E)-(thio­phen-2-yl)methyl­idene]­amino}-3,5-di­hydro-4H-imidazol-4-one, C19H13N3OS2, (V), which exhibits orientational disorder in only one of its thienyl groups, and with methanol to give methyl (2Z)-2-(benzoyl­amino)-3-(thio­phen-2-yl)prop-2-enoate, C15H13NO3S, (VI). There are no direction-specific inter­molecular inter­actions in the crystal structure of the triclinic polymorph of (I), but the mol­ecules of (II) are linked by two independent C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds to form C22(14) chains. Compounds (III) and (IV) both form centrosymmetric R22(10) dimers built from N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, while compound (V) forms a centrosymmetric R22(10) dimer built from C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. In the structure of compound (VI), a combination of N—H⋯O and C—H⋯π(arene) hydrogen bonds links the mol­ecules into sheets. Comparisons are made with some similar compounds

Effectiveness of YouTube Advertisement Among Viewers in Chennai City

Nowadays digital platform plays a prominent role in marketing. The transition from traditional marketing methods to modern marketing tools drastically changed the behavior of the viewers in their purchase decision. Outreach of a product is much more in online advertisements. Facebook, YouTube ,Instagram has created a wider platform for online advertisement . This study aims at analyzing the factors which influence the viewers of YouTube on their purchase decision. This  study also aims at understanding the perception of the viewers towards YouTube advertisement. The study was conducted with the help of a structured questionnaire and sample size used for the study is 100.The statistical tools  used for the study are percentage analysis, weighted average, One way ANOVA and factor analysis. This study helps to find out the the effectiveness of YouTube advertisement. This study suggest that most watched videos should be chosen for giving ads so that numerous viewers watch the advertisement effectively. Efforts can be  taken by the advertisers for creating interest level among viewers so that viewers spend their time in watching the videos without skipping the ads

A study on factors influencing the perception of website privacy, trustworthiness and user’s purchasing intentions in Chennai City

Electronic commerce is growing popular across the world because of the convenience it brings to online sellers and online customers. However, as the electronic commerce rises, problematic issues like privacy concerns, dissatisfaction, incompetent deliveries, and the most important – trust issues – also surface. Numerous previous studies indicated that the purchase intention and behaviour of the online customers depend on their perceived risk and shopping experience in electronic commerce. Some studies also specifically stated that personal information, product quality, security, and business reputation are the usual factors which the customers evaluate to deem the online business as trustworthy. This paper aims to study the factors that influence consumer purchasing intentions and their perceptions of the trustworthiness of the privacy-related practices of E-commerce websites in Chennai city. The Primary data will be conducted from 100 respondents using convenience sampling technique. The data collected through questionnaire will be analysed by percentage analysis, cluster analysis and factor analysis. The findings will showcase the website attributes and individual characteristics and willingness to buy

Effectiveness of YouTube advertisement among viewers in Chennai City

Nowadays digital platform plays a prominent role in marketing. The transition from traditional marketing methods to modern marketing tools drastically changed the behavior of the viewers in their purchase decision. Outreach of a product is much more in online advertisements. Facebook, YouTube ,Instagram has created a wider platform for online advertisement . This study aims at analyzing the factors which influence the viewers of YouTube on their purchase decision. This  study also aims at understanding the perception of the viewers towards YouTube advertisement. The study was conducted with the help of a structured questionnaire and sample size used for the study is 100.The statistical tools  used for the study are percentage analysis, weighted average, One way ANOVA and factor analysis. This study helps to find out the the effectiveness of YouTube advertisement. This study suggest that most watched videos should be chosen for giving ads so that numerous viewers watch the advertisement effectively. Efforts can be  taken by the advertisers for creating interest level among viewers so that viewers spend their time in watching the videos without skipping the ads

Comparative evaluation of serum lipid profile in patients with oral submucous fibrosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma with that of control subjects: A case control study

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the serum lipid profile among untreated oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) patients. Materials and Methods: This study was done in three groups of patients - OSMF, OSCC, and control. There are twenty participants in each group. Calorimetric method using semi-autoanalyzer was used for analyzing the lipid levels (cholesterol, triglycerides [TGL], and high-density lipids [HDL]) after collecting 2 ml of fasting blood from these patients. Low-density lipid [LDL] values were obtained by calculator method. Results: There was a significant decrease in serum lipid levels of patients with OSMF and OSCC. Conclusion: The decrease in lipid levels in OSMF and OSCC patients is due to its utilization by the cells during the cancer process

Positioning errors in digital panoramic radiographs: A study

Panoramic radiography is a unique and a very useful extraoral film technique that allows the dentist to view the entire dentition and related structures, from condyle to condyle, on one film. Capturing a wide range of structures on a single film grounds the odds of errors in the digital panoramic radiographs. Improper positioning of the patient complicates it more, reducing the diagnostic usefulness of these radiographs. Wide knowledge about the common positioning errors and the ways to rectify it benefits the dentists in interpretation and diagnosis. Aim: This study is aimed at analyzing the 10 common positional errors (anteriorly positioned, posteriorly positioned, head tilted upwards, head tilted downwards, head twisted to one side, head tipped, overlapping of spine in lower anterior region, tongue not placed close to palate, patient movement, and ghost images) in 200 digital panoramic radiographs selected randomly. Materials and Methods: Two hundred digital panoramic radiographic images of the patients above 6 years of age were selected randomly from the stored data in the system, projected on the white screen, and studied. The radiographs were analyzed by two oral medicine and radiology specialists, by recording separately, and then the results were analyzed. Results: The most common error was failure to place the tongue close to the palate, which leads to the presence of radiolucent airspace obscuring the roots of the maxillary teeth