The influence of waist circumference on insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in apparently healthy Korean adults

Background/AimsWaist circumference (WC) is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome and is related to insulin resistance (IR) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The purpose of this study was to determine the association between WC and IR and NAFLD in apparently healthy Korean adults.MethodsThe volunteers included in this cross-sectional study comprised 9,159 adults (5,052 men, 4,107 women) who participated in a comprehensive health checkup program. IR was evaluated by the homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) and was considered to be present when the HOMA-IR score was >2. NAFLD was evaluated by ultrasound examination. Elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was defined as >40 IU/L in men and >35 IU/L in women. Logistic regression was performed to determine the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for NAFLD, IR, and ALT according to categorized levels of WC.ResultsNAFLD was found in 2,553 (27.9%) of the participants (82.6% men, 17.4% women), while IR and elevated ALT were found in 17.2% (68.1% men, 31.9% women) and 10% (83% men, 17% women), respectively. After adjusting for confounding factors, the prevalence of NAFLD, IR, and elevated ALT was significantly associated with increases in WC quartile: highest quartile for NAFLD in men, OR=15.539, 95% CI=12.687-19.033; highest quartile for NAFLD in women, OR=48.732, 95% CI=23.918-99.288 (P<0.001); and highest quartile for IR in men, OR=17.576, 95% CI=13.283-23.255; highest quartile for IR in women, OR=11.078, 95% CI=7.813-15.708 (P<0.001); highest quartile for elevated ALT in men, OR=7.952, 95% CI=6.046-10.459; and highest quartile for elevated ALT in women, OR=8.487, 95% CI=4.679-15.395 (P<0.001).ConclusionsWC contributes to IR and NAFLD in apparently healthy Korean adults, and thus may be an important factor in the development of IR and NAFLD

Retrospective evaluation of whole exome and genome mutation calls in 746 cancer samples

Funder: NCI U24CA211006Abstract: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) curated consensus somatic mutation calls using whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS), respectively. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, which aggregated whole genome sequencing data from 2,658 cancers across 38 tumour types, we compare WES and WGS side-by-side from 746 TCGA samples, finding that ~80% of mutations overlap in covered exonic regions. We estimate that low variant allele fraction (VAF < 15%) and clonal heterogeneity contribute up to 68% of private WGS mutations and 71% of private WES mutations. We observe that ~30% of private WGS mutations trace to mutations identified by a single variant caller in WES consensus efforts. WGS captures both ~50% more variation in exonic regions and un-observed mutations in loci with variable GC-content. Together, our analysis highlights technological divergences between two reproducible somatic variant detection efforts

Mヘンカン ウェーブレット シュクタイ オ モチイル コウセイド ヒョウメン ケイソク シンゴウチュウ ノ インパルスジョウ ザツオン ノ ジョキョ キカイ リキガク ケイソク ジドウ セイギョ

The authors propose here a new method for reducing both impulsive noise and white noise by use of M-transform and wavelet shrinkage. M-transform is a new signal transformation proposed by the authors, and any periodic time signal can be considered as the output of a filter whose input is an M-sequence. By using the properties of M-transform, it is shown that both impulsive noise and white noise can be eliminated by use of first M-transform and then wavelet shrinkage. This method is applied well to the signal obtained in Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) signal which sometimes contains many impulsive noise and white noise. From the results of the experiment, it is shown that the proposed method is very efficient for impulsive noise reduction

Colloidal-annealing of ZnO nanoparticles to passivate traps and improve charge extraction in colloidal quantum dot solar cells

The popularity of colloidal quantum dot (CQD) solar cells has increased owing to their tunable bandgap, multiple exciton generation, and low-cost solution processes. ZnO nanoparticle (NP) layers are generally employed as electron transport layers in CQD solar cells to efficiently extract the electrons. However, trap sites and the unfavorable band structure of the as-synthesized ZnO NPs have hindered their potential performance. Herein, we introduce a facile method of ZnO NP annealing in the colloidal state. Electrical, structural, and optical analyses demonstrated that the colloidal-annealing of ZnO NPs effectively passivated the defects and simultaneously shifted their band diagram; therefore, colloidal-annealing is a more favorable method as compared to conventional film-annealing. These CQD solar cells based on colloidal-annealed ZnO NPs exhibited efficient charge extraction, reduced recombination and achieved an enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.29%, whereas the CQD solar cells based on ZnO NPs without annealing had a PCE of 8.05%. Moreover, the CQD solar cells using colloidal-annealed ZnO NPs exhibited an improved air stability with 98% retention after 120 days, as compared to that of CQD solar cells using non-annealed ZnO NPs with 84% retention. © The Royal Society of Chemistry.1

Activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway Contributes to the Protective Effects of Sargassum serratifolium Extract against Oxidative Stress-Induced DNA Damage and Apoptosis in SW1353 Human Chondrocytes

Oxidative stress in chondrocytes plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis as an important cause of articular cartilage degradation. Sargassum serratifolium C. Agardh, a marine brown algae, is known to have potent antioxidant activity. Nevertheless, no study has been conducted yet on the protective efficacy against oxidative stress in chondrocytes. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to investigate the mechanism of the antioxidative effect of ethanol extract of S. serratifolium (EESS) on DNA damage and apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in SW1353 human chondrocytes. For this purpose, SW1353 cells exposed to H2O2 in the presence or absence of EESS were applied to cell viability assay, comet assay, immunoblotting and flow cytometry analyses. Our results showed that EESS effectively attenuated H2O2-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage associated with the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. EESS also weakened the mitochondria membrane permeabilization by H2O2, and recovered H2O2-induced decreased expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and pro-caspase-3, and degradation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. In addition, EESS increased not only expression, but also phosphorylation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), and promoted the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a critical target enzyme of Nrf2, but decreased the expression of kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1; however, the inhibition of HO-1 activity by zinc protoporphyrin abolished the antioxidant potential induced by EESS against H2O2-mediated oxidative stress. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that the antioxidant efficacy of EESS in chondrocytes is at least involved in the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway-dependent mechanism

HER-2/neu overexpression is an independent prognostic factor in colorectal cancer

Background and aims: The HER-2/neu protein is intimately involved with normal cell proliferation and tissue growth, as it is extensively homologous and is related to the epidermal growth factor receptor. This phenomenon has been most intensively studied in the context of breast carcinoma, in which its amplification and overexpression correlate with the overall course of disease and poor prognoses, and also constitute a predictive factor of poor response to chemotherapy and endocrine therapy. In this study, we investigated the relationships between the expression of HER-2/neu and the clinicopathological characteristics of colorectal cancer, including survival. This study was performed with a view toward the future introduction of Herceptin therapy for colorectal cancer patients. Patients and methods: HER-2/neu overexpression and gene amplification were examined via semiquantitative standardized immunohistochemical staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in 137 colorectal cancer patients who underwent curative surgery at the Kangbuk Samsung Hospital. Results: Sixty-five (47.4%) out of 137 patients were determined by immunohistochemistry to have overexpressed HER-2/neu protein. HER-2/neu gene amplification was detected in two patients by FISH. Tumors with HER-2/neu overexpression showed higher postoperative recurrence rate (39.3% vs 14.6%, p=0.013). Tumors with HER-2/neu overexpression were associated with poor 3-year (70.8% vs 83.7%) and 5-year survival rates (55.1% vs 78.3%, p\u3c0.05). Advanced TNM stage, postoperative recurrence, and overexpression of HER-2/neu were found to be independently related to survival by multivariate analysis. Conclusion: HER-2/neu overexpression may constitute an independent prognostic factor in colorectal cancer patients, and patients exhibiting HER-2/neu overexpression might constitute potential candidates for a new adjuvant therapy which involves the use of humanized monoclonal antibodies. © Springer-Verlag 2006

Protective Effects of Fermented Oyster Extract against RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis through Scavenging ROS Generation in RAW 264.7 Cells

Excessive bone resorption by osteoclasts causes bone loss-related diseases and reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as second messengers in intercellular signaling pathways during osteoclast differentiation. In this study, we explored the protective effects of fermented oyster extract (FO) against receptor activator of nuclear factor-&#954;B (NF-&#954;B) ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation in murine monocyte/macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Our results showed that FO markedly inhibited RANKL-induced activation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and formation of F-actin ring structure. Mechanistically, FO has been shown to down-regulate RANKL-induced expression of osteoclast-specific markers by blocking the nuclear translocation of NF-&#954;B and the transcriptional activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) and c-Fos. Furthermore, FO markedly diminished ROS production by RANKL stimulation, which was associated with blocking the expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 1 (NOX1) and its regulatory subunit Rac-1. However, a small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting NOX1 suppressed RANKL-induced expression of osteoclast-specific markers and production of ROS and attenuated osteoclast differentiation as in the FO treatment group. Collectively, our findings suggest that FO has anti-osteoclastogenic potential by inactivating the NF-&#954;B-mediated NFATc1 and c-Fos signaling pathways and inhibiting ROS generation, followed by suppression of osteoclast-specific genes. Although further studies are needed to demonstrate efficacy in in vivo animal models, FO may be used as an effective alternative agent for the prevention and treatment of osteoclastogenic bone diseases