Preámbulo para una teoría arquitectónica del conocimiento espacial y su correspondiente didáctica

Existe para la arquitectura, como para cualquier otra disciplina o campo de conocimiento, la necesidad de preguntarse por dos aspectos fundamentales en pro de una práctica consciente, reflexiva y trascendente. El primero pertenece al campo de la epistemología y puede ser resumido por la pregunta por el conocimiento y sus características. El segundo pertenece al campo de la pedagogía y puede ser sintetizado en la pregunta por la enseñanza de ese conocimiento y las condiciones en que se da.There for architecture, like any other discipline or field of knowledge, the need to ask two fundamental aspects towards a conscious, thoughtful and important practice. The first pertains to the field of epistemology and can be summarized by the question of knowledge and its features. The second pertains to the field of pedagogy and can be synthesized into question by the teaching of that knowledge and the conditions under which it occurs.Arquitecto (a)Pregrad

Epistasis superior

[Resumen] En esta memoria se profundiza en el análisis del concepto de epistasis, Se muestra como -conjuntamente con el orden de una función - la epistasis permite explicar el comportamiento de algunas funciones cuyos extremos son conocidos (y su dificultad tambien) y que habitualmente sirven como "funciones de laboratorio" en el estudio de la dificultad de optimización de una función mediante un AG. La buena correlación entre epistasis y dificultad en funciones de orden bajo parece resultar incompleta como explicación en el caso de órdenes altos. Ello nos ha llevado a generalizar la noción de epistasis, mostrando como esta generalización complementa la información que proporciona la epistasis "clásica". La complejidad de la formulación matemática que conlleva este estudio hace necesario el uso de la herramienta algebraica junto con las transformadas de Walsh. El desarrollo de este estudio en esta memoria se estructura de la forma siguiente: se comienza con la introducción de los AG y la descripción de su funcionamiento. Se introducen los conceptos de esquema, orden y longitud de definición de un esquema y se relacionan con el proceso de selección y los operadores genéticos, conduciendo al teorema fundamental de los AG: el Teorema de los Esquemas. Se sigue con un resumen de los resultados ya conocidos sobre epistasis, entendida como estimador de la dificultad. En el campo de los AG, la idea inicial de epistasis la introduce de forma intuitiva Rawlins, Davidor la formula matemáticamente y, posteriormente, Van Hove la reescribe de forma compacta y normaliza el concepto. El estudio algebraico de los valores extremos de este indicador muestran que la epistasis normalizada es mínima cuando la función f es de orden 1 (funciones lineales) sencillas de optimizar por los AG

Osteonecrosis of the Jaws. Prevalence, Risk Factors and Role of Microbiota and Inflammation in a Population of Spain

Introduction: The purpose of this article is to determine the prevalence of ONJ in patients who have undergone intravenous bisphosphonate therapy, and relate the risk factors described (including Actinomices); indeed, to establish a protocol to reduce the risk of developing ONJ and to evaluate the evolution of the patient according to the sample’s antibiogram

Variable expressivity familial cherubism: Woman transmitting cherubism without suffering the disease

Cherubism is classified within the group of benign osteo-fibrous lesions. Aside from facial deformities, it may account for major complications. It has been observed that the disease is caused by a mutation in the gene SH3BP2 (SH3-domain binding protein 2), which is located at chromosome 4pl6.3. Here we present two cases of familial cherubism, uncle and nephew, with variable clinical involvement ("Expressivity"), and one case of a woman (sister and mother, respectively), who transmitted cherubism without suffering the disease. In this article we have shown that, in familial cherubism cases, the mutation is inherited through an autosomal dominant transmission. Mutations affecting gene SH3BP2 cause variable clinical involvement (variable expressivity), involvement can be moderate, severe or may result merely in asymptomatic carriers. Since the possibility of transmission reaches 50% of chances, we believe that it is important to develop genetic counseling for both patients and carriers, in order to prevent or minimize new affected offspring

Identificación molecular de hongos filamentosos y su potencial biotecnológico

Filamentous fungi are organisms frequently used to develop alternatives to solve challenges in different productive representing a competitive opportunity with economic value in the agriculture, food and pharmaceutical, as well as industrial and biofuels sector Continuing previous research at Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander (UFPS), 25 samples from the strain bank were used for molecular characterization and taxonomic identification. DNA from each strain was obtained under the phenol-chloroform procedure, then, using PCR technique and internal transcript spacer (ITS) primer 4 and 5, amplicons were acquired to be sequenced. Results showed taxonomy categorizations in 4 orders Hypocreales, Eurotiales, Pleosporales y Saccharomycetales with specimens from genus like Aspergillus, Curvularia; Purpureocillium, Penicillium y Trichoderma among others. Findings were laid into a cladogram to display their phylogenetic proximity, and connecting their biotechnological potential towards developing bio-materials, pharmaceutical products and bio-catalysts. Thanks to present study and data base review, it was possible to advance into describing the biological capabilities of these fungi towards developing biotechnological products and services with an approach in phytopathology research.Los hongos filamentosos son organismos frecuentemente utilizados en el desarrollo de alternativas para resolver desafíos en diferentes sectores productivos. Igualmente, representan una oportunidad competitiva de valor económico en sectores como el agrícola, alimenticio y farmacéutico como también en el industrial y de biocombustibles. Dando continuidad a investigaciones previas de la Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander (UFPS), se analizaron 25 muestras del banco de cepas para caracterización molecular e identificación taxonómica. Se obtuvo ADN de cada cepa con la técnica fenol-cloroformo. Mediante las técnicas de PCR y de iniciadores de espaciadores internos de transcrito (ETS) primer 4 y 5, se obtuvieron los amplicones que fueron secuenciados. Se identificaron cepas de los ordenes Hypocreales, Eurotiales, Pleosporales y Saccharomycetales con ejemplares de géneros como el Aspergillus, Curvularia; Purpureocillium, Penicillium y Trichoderma entre otros. Los hallazgos se exhiben en el cladograma evidenciando la proximidad filogenética como también relacionando los potenciales biotecnológicos para el desarrollo de bio insumos, productos farmacéuticos y biocatalizadores. Gracias al estudio y revisión en bases de datos se logró avanzar en la descripción de las capacidades biológicas de estos hongos hacia el desarrollo de productos o servicios con base biotecnológica y enfoque de investigación en fitopatología

Nestin expression is associated with relapses in head and neck lesions

Background: The aim was to investigate the clinical significance of nestin immunohistochemical expression in head and neck area lesions and to study its role in patient survival and recurrence. Methods: 39 (44.3%) nasosinus, 37 (42%) major salivary gland (6 submandibular and 31 parotid) and 12 (13.6%) oral cavity lesions of paraffin-embedded samples were retrospectively included. Results: The expression was categorized into grades, negative for 55 (62.5%) cases, grade 1 in 10 cases (11.4%), grade 2 in 12 cases (13.6%), and grade 3 in 11 cases (12.5%); 100% of pleomorphic adenomas were positive for nestin with grade 3 intensity, 100% of polyps and inverted papillomas were negative (p p = 0.002). ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves revealed that the positivity for nestin (+/−) in relation to malignancy, presented a sensitivity of 50.98%, a specificity of 81.08%, with an area under the curve of 0.667 (p = 0.009). Conclusions: Nestin could be a useful marker to detect the presence of stem cells in head and neck tumors that have a role in tumor initiation and progression

Immunoexpression profile of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) targets in potentially malignant and malignant oral lesions: a pilot study

Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) are associated with an increased risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). OSCC has an aggressive profile and is the most prevalent among different head and neck malignancies. Most OSCC patients are diagnosed with advanced stage tumors and have a poor prognosis. Cancer cells are able to reprogram their metabolism, even in the presence of oxygen, enhancing the conversion of glucose to lactate via the glycolytic pathway, a phenomenon mainly regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling. Thus, several glycometabolism-related biomarkers are upregulated.  Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the immunoexpression of the HIF targets GLUT1, GLUT3, HK2, PFKL, PKM2, pPDH, LDHA, MCT4, and CAIX in OPMD and OSCC samples, in order to identify potential correlations between biomarkers’ immunoexpression, clinicopathological features, and prognostic parameters. Methodology: OSCC and OPMD samples from 21 and 34 patients (respectively) were retrospectively collected and stained for the different biomarkers by immunohistochemistry. Results: CAIX and MCT4 expressions were significantly higher in OSCC samples when compared with OPMD samples, while the rest were also expressed by OPMD. GLUT3 and PKM2 alone, and the concomitant expression of more than four glycometabolism-related biomarkers were significantly correlated with the presence of dysplasia in OPMD. When considering OSCC cases, a trend toward increased expression of biomarkers and poor clinicopathological features was observed, and the differences regarding HK2, PFKL, LDHA and MCT4 expression were significant. Moreover, HK2 and CAIX were correlated with low survival rates. GLUT1 and GLUT3 were significantly associated with poor outcome when their expression was observed in the hypoxic region of malignant lesions. Conclusion: OPMD and OSCC cells overexpress glycolysis-related proteins, which is associated with aggressive features and poor patient outcome. Further research is needed to deeply understand the glycolic phenotype in the process of oral carcinogenesis

Use of the fractal dimension to differentiate epithelium and connective tissue in oral leukoplakias

Background: Oral leukoplakia (OL) is considered one of the most common potentially malignant oral disorders (OPMD), with a verified increased risk of developing oral cancer. The identification of the dysplasia grade (low–high) is the only consolidated factor used to evaluate this risk. The objective of this study was to verify the role of the fractal dimension (FD) in assessing this dysplasia. Methods: To begin, 29 OL and 10 normal oral mucosa (NOM) biopsies were retrieved for FD analysis of the epithelial (dime) and the connective (dimc) tissue. Results: In the OL group, the median value of dime is higher (1.67, IQR = 0.12) than for the NOM group (1.56, IQR = 0.08), with statistically significant differences (Wilcoxon test, p = 0.0031). There were no differences in relation to dimc. Significant differences were observed between the non-dysplasia vs. high-grade (p = 0.0156) and low-grade vs. high-grade (p = 0.0049) groups. No significant differences were identified in relation to dimc for the different degrees of dysplasia. For a cut-off point of 1.44 of dime, a specificity of 96.6% was obtained, a sensitivity of 100%, and an AUC = 0.819 (p = 0.003). Conclusions: FD at the level of the epithelium may be used as a diagnostic tool in OLThis research was funded by Santiago de Compostela UniversityS

p27(Kip1) expression as a prognostic marker for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

Regulation of the cell cycle is essential for carcinogenesis. The cell cycle is controlled by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which are upregulated by cyclins and downregulated by CDK inhibitors (CDKIs). Decreased p27(Kip1) expression has been associated with survival rate, tumor size, histological differentiation and the presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with various types of cancer. The aim of the current study is to provide a literature review on the association between p27(Kip1) expression and the clinical and pathological aspects of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and the expression of other CDKIs of the Cip/Kip family and cyclins. Throughout the literature, different methodologies were used to determine the immunohistochemical expression of p27(Kip1); thus, results concerning p27(Kip1) expression in HNSCC vary widely. However, it has now been confirmed that p27(Kip1) is underexpressed in SCC cells. p27 may be a promising marker for determining the prognosis of HNSCC, despite the marked variability of the results obtained. An association between p27 expression and survival rate, time to recurrence and tumor stage has been observed. Based on the information currently available, it is premature to recommend the analysis of p27(Kip1) expression in guiding HNSCC treatment planning. However, although relatively unstudied, the correlation between p27(Kip1) expression and other tumor suppressor genes may turn out to be important in determining the prognosis of HNSCC. Further prospective studies utilizing standardized laboratory methodologies and statistics that facilitate meta-analyses are required to confirm this proposal