Impaired protein translation in Drosophila models for Charcot–Marie–Tooth neuropathy caused by mutant tRNA synthetases

Dominant mutations in five tRNA synthetases cause Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) neuropathy, suggesting that altered aminoacylation function underlies the disease. However, previous studies showed that loss of aminoacylation activity is not required to cause CMT. Here we present a Drosophila model for CMT with mutations in glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GARS). Expression of three CMT-mutant GARS proteins induces defects in motor performance and motor and sensory neuron morphology, and shortens lifespan. Mutant GARS proteins display normal subcellular localization but markedly reduce global protein synthesis in motor and sensory neurons, or when ubiquitously expressed in adults, as revealed by FUNCAT and BONCAT. Translational slowdown is not attributable to altered tRNA[superscript Gly] aminoacylation, and cannot be rescued by Drosophila Gars overexpression, indicating a gain-of-toxic-function mechanism. Expression of CMT-mutant tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase also impairs translation, suggesting a common pathogenic mechanism. Finally, genetic reduction of translation is sufficient to induce CMT-like phenotypes, indicating a causal contribution of translational slowdown to CMT.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant GM17151

Vers la compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires et physiopathologiques à l'origine de l'hyperactivité neuromusculaire dans le syndrome de Schwartz-Jampel

We have demonstrated by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and ELISA that BMP-7 and its receptors are present in histologically normal human crypts, in aberrant crypt foci in sigmoiditis, in human colorectal tumors and in several colorectal cancer cell lines. We have also demonstrated that BMP-7 is a scatter and invasion factor. This invasive capacity of BMP-7 is independent of SMAD4 and src activity, but is associated to the cyclic activation of RhoGTPases (Rac1 and RhoA), to FAK activation (tyr925 phosphorylation associated with angiogenesis and invasion) and to MAPK/SAPK activation (JNK and ERK1/2).Taken together my PhD work strongly suggests that BMP-7 acts as dissemination and a proinvasive factor via an autocrine and paracrine mechanism. This cytokine has divergent roles on human colon cancer progression. A beneficial role, by opposing itself to inflammation and a pejorative role by helping cancer progression on the latest stages associated to invasive capacity and to adenoma-carcinoma transition Schwartz-Jampel syndrome (SJS) is an autosomal recessive human disease, characterized by muscle stiffness and chondrodysplasia and caused by mutations in the perlecan gene. During my PhD, we identified 22 new SJS mutations. Molecular analyzes (mRNA and protein) showed an hypomorph effect of these mutations, allowing the production of a residual amount of functional perlecan. In order to understand the pathophysiological mechanism leading to SJS, we generated a mouse model by inserting the SJS missense p.C1532Y mutation. Homozygous mutants are viable and fertile but show locomotor defects and neuromuscular hyperactivity. Cellular defects in skeletal muscles are suggestive of denervation-reinnervation processes. Neuromuscular junctions are remodelled with a lack of the typical pretzel-like shape, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) deficiency and partial denervation. Electrophysiological analyzes reveal functional consequences of AChE deficiency but not sufficient to lead to synaptic hyperactivity and an additional effect of presynaptic abnormalities is thus suggested.Le syndrome de Schwartz-Jampel (SJS) est une pathologie autosomique récessive rare car seulement plus de 100 cas ont été décrits dans la littérature. Elle est caractérisée par une raideur musculaire permanente et généralisée associée à une chondrodystrophie. Elle est due à des mutations perte de fonction dans le gène HSPG2 codant pour le perlecan, un héparane sulfate protéoglycane ubiquitaire présent dans les membranes basales et les matrices extracellulaires. Une autre pathologie, la dysplasie dissegmentaire de type Silvermann-Handmaker (DDSH) est due à des mutations perte de fonction dans ce gène, et est caractérisée par une chondrodysplasie très sévère menant à la mort du patient dès les premiers jours de vie. Dans une première partie de mon introduction, je décrirai les signes cliniques de ces deux pathologies et les mutations du gène HSPG2 actuellement connues pour chacune. Le perlecan est une des plus grandes protéines connues. Avec une séquence protéique de plus de 4300 acides aminés et un poids moléculaire de plus de 450kDa, il subit des modifications post-traductionnelles et peut alors atteindre un poids moléculaire de 800kDa. Cette protéine immense assure de multiples interactions et fonctions dans les membranes basales dans lesquelles elle est ubiquitairement présente. Afin de mieux comprendre quel rôle cette protéine peut jouer dans la détermination du phénotype dans le SJS, je détaillerai dans une seconde partie les différentes molécules avec lesquelles le perlecan interagit et les fonctions qu'il assume dans les deux principaux tissus d'intérêt de la pathologie : le cartilage et le muscle. Enfin, je décrirai le phénotype de mutants d'orthologues de gène HSPG2 dans les trois organismes modèles que sont la drosophile, le nématode et la souris. Au cours de ma thèse, je me suis plus particulièrement intéressée au phénotype neuromusculaire du SJS. Pour une meilleure compréhension de mes travaux, je rappellerai dans une troisième et dernière partie de mon introduction, la structure, le développement et le fonctionnement de la jonction neuromusculaire, ainsi que les pathologies humaines congénitales associées

Vers la compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires et physiopathologiques à l'origine de l'hyperactivité neuromusculaire dans le syndrome de Schwartz-Jampel

We have demonstrated by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and ELISA that BMP-7 and its receptors are present in histologically normal human crypts, in aberrant crypt foci in sigmoiditis, in human colorectal tumors and in several colorectal cancer cell lines. We have also demonstrated that BMP-7 is a scatter and invasion factor. This invasive capacity of BMP-7 is independent of SMAD4 and src activity, but is associated to the cyclic activation of RhoGTPases (Rac1 and RhoA), to FAK activation (tyr925 phosphorylation associated with angiogenesis and invasion) and to MAPK/SAPK activation (JNK and ERK1/2).Taken together my PhD work strongly suggests that BMP-7 acts as dissemination and a proinvasive factor via an autocrine and paracrine mechanism. This cytokine has divergent roles on human colon cancer progression. A beneficial role, by opposing itself to inflammation and a pejorative role by helping cancer progression on the latest stages associated to invasive capacity and to adenoma-carcinoma transitionPARIS-BIUSJ-Thèses (751052125) / SudocPARIS-BIUSJ-Physique recherche (751052113) / SudocSudocFranceF

Precision mouse models of Yars/dominant intermediate Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type C and Sptlc1/hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 1

Animal models of neurodegenerative diseases such as inherited peripheral neuropathies sometimes accurately recreate the pathophysiology of the human disease, and sometimes accurately recreate the genetic perturbations found in patients. Ideally, models achieve both, but this is not always possible; nonetheless, such models are informative. Here we describe two animal models of inherited peripheral neuropathy: mice with a mutation in tyrosyl tRNA-synthetase, YarsE196K, modeling dominant intermediate Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type C (diCMTC), and mice with a mutation in serine palmitoyltransferase long chain 1, Sptlc1C133W, modeling hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 1 (HSAN1). YarsE196K mice develop disease-relevant phenotypes including reduced motor performance and reduced nerve conduction velocities by 4 months of age. Peripheral motor axons are reduced in size, but there is no reduction in axon number and plasma neurofilament light chain levels are not increased. Unlike the dominant human mutations, the YarsE196K mice only show these phenotypes as homozygotes, or as compound heterozygotes with a null allele, and no phenotype is observed in E196K or null heterozygotes. The Sptlc1C133W mice carry a knockin allele and show the anticipated increase in 1-deoxysphingolipids in circulation and in a variety of tissues. They also have mild behavioral defects consistent with HSAN1, but do not show neurophysiological defects or axon loss in peripheral nerves or in the epidermis of the hind paw or tail. Thus, despite the biochemical phenotype, the Sptlc1C133W mice do not show a strong neuropathy phenotype. Surprisingly, these mice were lethal as homozygotes, but the heterozygous genotype studied corresponds to the dominant genetics seen in humans. Thus, YarsE196K homozygous mice have a relevant phenotype, but imprecisely reproduce the human genetics, whereas the Sptlc1C133W mice precisely reproduce the human genetics, but do not recreate the disease phenotype. Despite these shortcomings, both models are informative and will be useful for future research

Evidence of a dosage effect and a physiological endplate acetylcholinesterase deficiency in the first mouse models mimicking Schwartz-Jampel syndrome neuromyotonia.

International audienceSchwartz-Jampel syndrome (SJS) is a recessive neuromyotonia with chondrodysplasia. It results from hypomorphic mutations of the gene encoding perlecan, leading to a decrease in the levels of this heparan sulphate proteoglycan in basement membranes (BMs). It has been suggested that SJS neuromyotonia may result from endplate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) deficiency, but this hypothesis has never been investigated in vivo due to the lack of an animal model for neuromyotonia. We used homologous recombination to generate a knock-in mouse strain with one missense substitution, corresponding to a human familial SJS mutation (p.C1532Y), in the perlecan gene. We derived two lines, one with the p.C1532Y substitution alone and one with p.C1532Y and the selectable marker Neo, to down-regulate perlecan gene activity and to test for a dosage effect of perlecan in mammals. These two lines mimicked SJS neuromyotonia with spontaneous activity on electromyogramm (EMG). An inverse correlation between disease severity and perlecan secretion in the BMs was observed at the macroscopic and microscopic levels, consistent with a dosage effect. Endplate AChE levels were low in both lines, due to synaptic perlecan deficiency rather than major myofibre or neuromuscular junction disorganization. Studies of muscle contractile properties showed muscle fatigability at low frequencies of nerve stimulation and suggested that partial endplate AChE deficiency might contribute to SJS muscle stiffness by potentiating muscle force. However, physiological endplate AChE deficiency was not associated with spontaneous activity at rest on EMG in the diaphragm, suggesting that additional changes are required to generate such activity characteristic of SJS

Spectrum of HSPG2 (perlecan) mutations in patients with Schwartz-Jampel syndrome

Schwartz-Jampel syndrome (SJS) is a rare autosomal recessive condition defined by the association of myotonia with chondrodysplasia. SJS results from mutations in the HSPG2 gene, which encodes perlecan, a major component of basement membranes. Only eight HSPG2 mutations have been reported in six SJS families. Here, we describe the molecular findings in 23 families (35 patients) with SJS, being one-third of the SJS cases reported in the medical literature. We identified 22 new HSPG2 mutations and unreported polymorphisms. Mutations included nine deletion or insertion (41%), six splice site (27%), five missense (23%), and two nonsense mutations (9%). All but four mutations were private, and we found no evidence for a founder effect. Analyses of HSPG2 messenger RNA (mRNA) and perlecan immunostaining on patients' cells revealed a hypomorphic effect of the studied mutations. They also demonstrated distinct consequences of truncating and missense mutations on perlecan expression as truncating mutations resulted in instability of HSPG2 mRNA through nonsense mRNA mediated decay, whereas missense mutations involving cysteine residues led to intracellular retention of perlecan, probably due to quality control pathways. Our analyses strengthen the idea that SJS results from hypomorphic mutations of the HSPG2 gene. They also propose tools for its molecular diagnosis and provide new clues for the understanding of its pathophysiology

Genetic analysis of Pycr1 and Pycr2 in mice.

The final step in proline biosynthesis is catalyzed by three pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductases, PYCR1, PYCR2, and PYCR3, which convert pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) to proline. Mutations in human PYCR1 and ALDH18A1 (P5C Synthetase) cause Cutis Laxa (CL), whereas mutations in PYCR2 cause hypomyelinating leukodystrophy 10 (HLD10). Here, we investigated the genetics of Pycr1 and Pycr2 in mice. A null allele of Pycr1 did not show integument or CL-related phenotypes. We also studied a novel chemically-induced mutation in Pycr2. Mice with recessive loss-of-function mutations in Pycr2 showed phenotypes consistent with neurological and neuromuscular disorders, including weight loss, kyphosis, and hind-limb clasping. The peripheral nervous system was largely unaffected, with only mild axonal atrophy in peripheral nerves. A severe loss of subcutaneous fat in Pycr2 mutant mice is reminiscent of a CL-like phenotype, but primary features such as elastin abnormalities were not observed. Aged Pycr2 mutant mice had reduced white blood cell counts and altered lipid metabolism, suggesting a generalized metabolic disorder. PYCR1 and -2 have similar enzymatic and cellular activities, and consistent with previous studies, both were localized in the mitochondria in fibroblasts. Both PYCR1 and -2 were able to complement the loss of Pro3, the yeast enzyme that converts P5C to proline, confirming their activity as P5C reductases. In mice, Pycr1; Pycr2 double mutants were sub-viable and unhealthy compared to either single mutant, indicating the genes are largely functionally redundant. Proline levels were not reduced, and precursors were not increased in serum from Pycr2 mutant mice or in lysates from skin fibroblast cultures, but placing Pycr2 mutant mice on a proline-free diet worsened the phenotype. Thus, Pycr1 and -2 have redundant functions in proline biosynthesis, and their loss makes proline a semi-essential amino acid. These findings have implications for understanding the genetics of CL and HLD10, and for modeling these disorders in mice