The socio-political vision of reproductive rights in Argentina

El presente trabajo aborda el desarrollo del proceso socio-político de reconocimiento de los derechos reproductivos en Argentina desde 1983 hasta mediados de 2013: identifi ca las políticas públicas implementadas, las reformas pendientes, los actores involucrados y las estrategias desarrolladas durante los procesos de cambio. Asimismo, presenta las principales tensiones, conflictos y contradicciones en el campo de las tecnologías reproductivas en el pasado, las formas de resolución o su permanenciaThe present work deals with the development of the socio-political process of recognition of reproductive rights in Argentina from 1983 to mid-2013: it identifies the public policies implemented, the pending reforms, the actors involved and the strategies developed during the processes of change. It also presents the main tensions, conflicts and contradictions in the field of reproductive technologies in the past, the forms of resolution or their permanenc

Entre el discurso legal y las opiniones de las mujeres: reflexiones sobre la apropiación subjetiva de derechos sexuales y reproductivos

The idea of this paper is to draw some insight on the appropriation of sexual and reproductive rights of women when in Argentina its regulatory acknowledgment is being widened and deepened. Theobjective is to describe how these rights are put forth in the law and women's opinion regarding gender, sexual and reproductive rights, in general, and abortion, in particular, and regarding sexual identities. We worked with existing legislation and the results of a qualitative study carried out with focus groups of women over 18 and residing in the City of Buenos Aires.3The findings show a gap between the legal discourse and the opinion of women, which also differs according to age and socioeconomic status. Women do not speak about a conception of rights, nor from a gender-oriented perspective, and the subjective appropriation of rights varies according to the analyzed issues.En este artículo reflexionamos sobre la apropiación de los derechos sexuales y reproductivos por parte de las mujeres, cuando en la Argentina se desarrolla una ampliación y profundización en elreconocimiento normativo de los mismos. El objetivo es describir la enunciación de los derechos manifiesta en las leyes y las opiniones de las mujeres sobre el género, los derechos sexuales yreproductivos en general, y el aborto, en particular, y las identidades sexuales. Se trabajó con leyes y con los resultados de un estudio cualitativo mediante grupos focales con mujeres mayores de 18años, residentes en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires.2 Los hallazgos muestran una brecha entre el discurso en el plano legal y las opiniones de las mujeres, que además difieren según la edad y elnivel socioeconómico. Las mujeres no hablan de una concepción de derechos, ni desde una perspectiva de género, y la apropiación subjetiva de los derechos varía de acuerdo a los temas analizados

Between the legal discourse and women's opinions insight on subjective appropriation of sexual and reproductive rights

En este artículo reflexionamos sobre la apropiación de los derechos sexuales y reproductivos por parte de las mujeres, cuando en la Argentina se desarrolla una ampliación y profundización en el reconocimiento normativo de los mismos. El objetivo es describir la enunciación de los derechos manifiesta en las leyes y las opiniones de las mujeres sobre el género, los derechos sexuales y reproductivos en general, y el aborto, en particular, y las identidades sexuales. Se trabajó con leyes y con los resultados de un estudio cualitativo mediante grupos focales con mujeres mayores de 18 años, residentes en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Los hallazgos muestran una brecha entre el discurso en el plano legal y las opiniones de las mujeres, que además difieren según la edad y el nivel socioeconómico. Las mujeres no hablan de una concepción de derechos, ni desde una perspectiva de género, y la apropiación subjetiva de los derechos varía de acuerdo a los temas analizados.The idea of this paper is to draw some insight on the appropriation of sexual and reproductive rights of women when in Argentina its regulatory acknowledgment is being widened and deepened. The objective is to describe how these rights are put forth in the law and women's opinion regarding gender, sexual and reproductive rights, in general, and abortion, in particular, and regarding sexual identities. We worked with existing legislation and the results of a qualitative study carried out with focus groups of women over 18 and residing in the City of Buenos Aires.3 The findings show a gap between the legal discourse and the opinion of women, which also differs according to age and socioeconomic status. Women do not speak about a conception of rights, nor from a genderoriented perspective, and the subjective appropriation of rights varies according to the analyzed.Fil: Straw, Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Investigaciones "Gino Germani"; ArgentinaFil: Mattioli, Marina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Investigaciones "Gino Germani"; Argentin

Entre el discurso legal y las opiniones de las mujeres: reflexiones sobre la apropiación subjetiva de derechos sexuales y reproductivos

The idea of this paper is to draw some insight on the appropriation of sexual and reproductive rights of women when in Argentina its regulatory acknowledgment is being widened and deepened. The objective is to describe how these rights are put forth in the law and women's opinion regarding gender, sexual and reproductive rights, in general, and abortion, in particular, and regarding sexual identities. We worked with existing legislation and the results of a qualitative study carried out with focus groups of women over 18 and residing in the City of Buenos Aires.3The findings show a gap between the legal discourse and the opinion of women, which also differs according to age and socioeconomic status. Women do not speak about a conception of rights, nor from a genderoriented perspective, and the subjective appropriation of rights varies according to the analyzed issues.En este artículo reflexionamos sobre la apropiación de los derechos sexuales y reproductivos por parte de las mujeres, cuando en la Argentina se desarrolla una ampliación y profundización en el reconocimiento normativo de los mismos. El objetivo es describir la enunciación de los derechos manifiesta en las leyes y las opiniones de las mujeres sobre el género, los derechos sexuales y reproductivos en general, y el aborto, en particular, y las identidades sexuales. Se trabajó con leyes y con los resultados de un estudio cualitativo mediante grupos focales con mujeres mayores de 18 años, residentes en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires.2 Los hallazgos muestran una brecha entre el discurso en el plano legal y las opiniones de las mujeres, que además difieren según la edad y el nivel socioeconómico. Las mujeres no hablan de una concepción de derechos, ni desde una perspectiva de género, y la apropiación subjetiva de los derechos varía de acuerdo a los temas analizados

Acceptability, appropriateness and feasibility of the Latin American and Caribbean Code against Cancer: perceptions of decision-makers and health professionals in Argentina

Background: Cancer is an important public health problem. In Latin America and the Caribbean, there were approximately 1,500,000 new cases of cancer and 700,000 deaths due to cancer in 2020. These figures will increase by 78% by 2040 to more than 2.5 million people diagnosed with cancer each year, who will require medical attention, care and support. However, it is estimated that at least 40% of cancers could be prevented by adopting a healthier lifestyle, reducing risky behaviours and implementing recommended health interventions. Objective: To evaluate the perceptions of health decision-makers and professionals regarding the Latin American and Caribbean Code against Cancer (CLCC) as a support tool for designing and implementing public policies for cancer prevention and control (acceptability, appropriateness and feasibility) in Argentina. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted using individual, semi-structured interviews with health decision-makers and professionals (n = 30). The questions and thematic analysis of the information gathered have been guided by the principles of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research: intervention characteristics, outer setting, inner setting and characteristics of individuals. Results: Health professionals and health decision-makers broadly accepted the proposal of the CLCC as a tool for supporting the design and implementation of public policies for cancer prevention and control, and considered it to be appropriate. Additionally, from the interviewees’ perspective, factors should be ensured to guarantee the implementation of the CLCC as a viable public health policy. They also felt it was right to take the CECC as a model and to adapt its content to the specific characteristics of the Latin American population, customs, lifestyle habits, epidemiological characteristics and, in particular, the Argentinian socio-economic context. Interviewees perceived the CLCC as a health intervention whose complexity varied depending on the recommendation, although most of them were feasible. The broad consensus among the interviewees was that the development of the CLCC could yield numerous advantages in improving cancer prevention and control policy, and responding to the needs of the population. It was also considered to be an opportunity to introduce fundamental changes. With regard to the implementation of the CLCC, interviewees reported a favourable institutional climate, since they perceived that it would receive a priority equal to or greater than the ongoing prevention measures, and that it would have the commitment of the health authorities. They also felt that the implementation of the CLCC in their work environment would not be very complicated, and that the decision-makers and professionals had the necessary capacity to implement it. Finally, they felt that the implementation would be facilitated by the participation and consensus of health decision-makers at the primary care level, and negotiation with industrial and environmental sectors. Conclusions: Our study shows that health professionals and decision-makers consider the CLCC to be highly acceptable, appropriate and feasible. This would facilitate its implementation as a tool that could enhance current cancer prevention and control policies in Argentina. The results of the study indicate the necessity for the CLCC to be adapted to the socio-economic context of Argentina, and highlight that population adherence to the CLCC recommendations will depend on complex and diverse factors, especially those involving changing unhealthy behaviours linked to cancer risk.Fil: Straw, Cecilia. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales; Argentina. Centro de Estudio de Estado y Sociedad; ArgentinaFil: Sánchez Antelo, Victoria Inés María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Centro de Estudio de Estado y Sociedad; ArgentinaFil: Paolino, Melisa Delia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Centro de Estudio de Estado y Sociedad; ArgentinaFil: Murillo, Raúl. San Ignacio University Hospital; ColombiaFil: Espina, Carolina. Agencia Internacional de Investigación en Cáncer; FranciaFil: Arrossi, Silvina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Centro de Estudio de Estado y Sociedad; Argentin

Intra-specific variation in sensitivity of <i>Bombus terrestris</i> and <i>Osmia bicornis</i> to three pesticides

There is growing evidence that pesticides may be among the causes of worldwide bee declines, which has resulted in repeated calls for their increased scrutiny in regulatory assessments. One recurring concern is that the current frameworks may be biased towards assessing risks to the honey bee. This paradigm requires extrapolating toxicity information across bee species. Most research effort has therefore focused on quantifying differences in sensitivity across species. However, our understanding of how responses to pesticides may vary within a species is still very poor. Here we take the first steps towards filling this knowledge gap by comparing acute, lethal hazards in sexes and castes of the eusocial bee Bombus terrestris and in sexes of the solitary bee Osmia bicornis after oral and contact exposure to the pesticides sulfoxaflor, Amistar (azoxystrobin) and glyphosate. We show that sensitivity towards pesticides varies significantly both within and across species. Bee weight was a meaningful predictor of pesticide susceptibility. However, weight could not fully explain the observed differences, which suggests the existence of unexplored mechanisms regulating pesticide sensitivity across bee sexes and castes. Our data show that intra-specific responses are an overlooked yet important aspect of the risk assessment of pesticides in bees

Triage of Women with Human Papillomavirus Self-Collection in Jujuy Province

INTRODUCCIÓN: Es reconocida la efectividad del test del virus del papiloma humano (VPH) para prevenir el cáncer cervicouterino (CC), así como su potencial para reducir barreras de acceso al tamizaje a través de su modalidad autotoma (ATVPH). Uno de los principales desafíos consiste en garantizar el acceso a la citología de triaje de las mujeres con AT-VPH positivas (VPH+). El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la magnitud y los determinantes sociales de la adherencia al triaje (realización de citología posterior a un resultado de test de VPH+) en mujeres de 30 años o más con AT-VPH+ dentro del sistema público de salud de la provincia de Jujuy. MÉTODOS: Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo transversal con análisis del Sistema de Información para el Tamizaje (SITAM) y encuestas domiciliarias a mujeres de 30 años o más con autotomas positivas en Jujuy durante 2015-2016, sin registro de triaje. RESULTADOS: El porcentaje estimado de adherencia al triaje fue de entre 96% y 81%. Estos porcentajes son menores a los 60 y 120 días de realizada la AT (18% y 35%, respectivamente). Las mujeres con cobertura de obra social/privada y sin condición de hacinamiento poseen mayor probabilidad de adherir al triaje. El principal motivo de no adherencia fueron los problemas con la entrega de resultados. CONCLUSIONES: Pese a los altos niveles de adherencia al triaje, es necesario incorporar intervenciones que mejoren la entrega de resultados y ayuden a enfrentar las barreras socioestructurales.INTRODUCTION: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) testing effectiveness for cervical cancer (CC) prevention and the potential of HPV self-sampling test versions (SS-HPV) in reducing screening barriers have been recognized. One of the main challenges is to guarantee access to Papanicolaou (Pap) triage testing for women who have tested positive on the SS-HPV. The aim of this study was to measure positive SS-HPV adherence to triage, and to analyze social determinants of triage adherence in women aged 30 year or more with SSHPV+ within the public health system in the province of Jujuy. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted, analyzing data from the National Screening Information System (SITAM) and home surveys of SS-HPV+ women during 2015-2016, without recorded Pap triage results. RESULTS: The estimated rate of triage adherence ranged between 96% and 81%. These rates were lower 60 and 120 days after AT (18% y 35%, respectively). Women with social security/ private health coverage and without overcrowded housing conditions were most likely to have triage. Problems relating to result delivery were mentioned as the main reason for Pap triage non-adherence. CONCLUSIONS: Although adherence levels are high, there is a critical need for comprehensive interventions to improve delivery of results and to help address socio-structural barriers to adherence to triageFil: Paolino, Melisa Delia. Centro de Estudios de Estado y Sociedad; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Campanera, Alicia. Gobierno de la Provincia de Jujuy. Ministerio de Salud; ArgentinaFil: Martiarena, Silvia Natalia. Gobierno de la Provincia de Jujuy. Ministerio de Salud; ArgentinaFil: Echenique, Alfonsina. Gobierno de la Provincia de Jujuy. Ministerio de Salud; ArgentinaFil: Lopez, Natalia. Hospital Wenceslao Gallardo; ArgentinaFil: Gago, Juan Ezequiel. Instituto Nacional del Cáncer; ArgentinaFil: Straw, Cecilia. Centro de Estudio de Estado y Sociedad; ArgentinaFil: Ponce, Marisa. Centro de Estudio de Estado y Sociedad; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica; ChileFil: Arrossi, Silvina. Centro de Estudio de Estado y Sociedad; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica; Chil

Pan-european assessment, monitoring, and mitigation of stressors on the health of bees

Within the PoshBee Project, we have worked out precise protocols for testing the toxicological endpoints and metabolisation rate of agrochemicals on and in bees. Three agrochemical classes (insecticides, fungicides and herbicides) were tested on three bee groups (honey bees, bumble bees and solitary mason bees). The specific protocols, different for each combination of the pesticide class and bee group, were designed based on the existing toxicity testing methods and modified according to the specificities of the different bee groups, their castes and the different exotoxicological features of the compounds. Sulfoxaflor, Azoxystrobin, and Glyphosate were used respectively as examples of the three pesticide classes. Apis mellifera, Bombus terrestris and Osmia bicornis were chosen as the examples of the three bee groups. The protocols for honey bees and bumble bees were designed based on the official existing guidelines edited by OECD. Nevertheless, given that the OECD guidelines provide recommendations to fit with most agrochemicals, many of the parameters are defined with low precision in order to be flexible and adapt to different categories of molecules. While OECD has no guidelines for testing solitary bees, we used information from the unpublished ring test protocols for Osmia bicornis by the ICPPR non- Apis working group.Prepared under contract from the European Commission; Grant agreement No. 773921; EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action.Prepared under contract from the European Commission; Grant agreement No. 773921; EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action

Pan-european assessment, monitoring, and mitigation of stressors on the health of bees

Within the PoshBee Project we have tested three bee species – honey bees Apis mellifera, bumble bees Bombus terrestris and solitary bees Osmia bicornis – for their sensitivity to pesticides and analysed the clearance of pesticides from bees. For each species, all castes and sexes were studied. We synthesised the mortality data (LD50 or results of limit tests) with the toxicokinetic patterns and analysed this against the background of inter- and intraspecific variation in life-histories of the tested bees. The clearance of sulfoxaflor is relatively similar across all bee species tested and in females after contact treatment it tends to be retained. The toxicity increases over time independently of the clearance from the body. The clearance of azoxystrobin was rapid in Osmia and bumble bees, as well as in honey bee queens, but in honey bee workers there was very little clearance. Similar to sulfoxaflor the toxicity increased over time, although the residues were detected at very low levels. Glyphosate tended to be retained in bumble bees after contact treatment but cleared rapidly after oral treatment. For Osmia bees only in males after contact treatment was the glyphosate almost lost. The toxicity of a pesticide is dependent on the exact dosage, but also the exposure route and time, as well as the speed of detoxification and clearance from a body. The assessment for the hazard that a less toxic pesticide might pose, can be largely dependent on the exposure route. The effects of pesticide toxicity can increase even after the molecules have been cleared out of the body.Prepared under contract from the European Commission; Grant agreement No. 773921; EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action.Prepared under contract from the European Commission; Grant agreement No. 773921; EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action

Pan-european assessment, monitoring, and mitigation of stressors on the health of bees

Inter-individual differences in pesticide sensitivity may trigger variability in the risk posed by pesticides. Therefore, to better inform pesticide risk assessment for bees, we studied the variability of responses to several pesticides based on endogenous (developmental stage, genetic background, caste) and exogenous factors (pesticide co-exposure). We mainly investigated the toxicity of the insecticide sulfoxaflor, the fungicide azoxystrobin and the herbicide glyphosate. We first used LD50 tests to determine the acute oral and contact toxicity of these pesticides across the different bee species, developmental stages (larva vs adult in honey bees), castes (honey bee and bumble bee workers, queens and drones), and genetic backgrounds (honey bee subspecies). We then considered the risks posed by chronic and sublethal exposures to pesticides by implementing behavioural and reproductive endpoints in the screening of pesticide toxicity. Data showed that azoxystrobin and glyphosate under the test conditions were mildly toxic to bees. However, a large variability in bee sensitivity to sulfoxaflor was found, especially across species and individuals of different castes or sex. This variability is therefore important to consider for increasing the safety margin of the risk posed by insecticides in bees. Several effects induced by sublethal concentrations or doses of pesticides are also described, such as the occurrence of a Non-Monotonic Dose-Response (NMDR) and delayed effects in honey bees, impairment of reproductive performances in bumble bees, and a decreased longevity of Osmia adult females (although no effects were found on larval development). Finally, an interaction between pesticides was found when exposure was by contact, but not under oral exposure. In conclusion, the range of effects described here provides very useful insights for better understanding the toxicity of pesticides and therefore the risks they might pose to bees.Prepared under contract from the European Commission; Grant agreement No. 773921; EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action.Prepared under contract from the European Commission; Grant agreement No. 773921; EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action