Review of \u3ci\u3eThe Chisholm Trail: High Road of the Cattle Kingdom\u3c/i\u3e By Don Worcester

For two decades after the Civil War, Texas cowboys drove herds of wild longhorns up the Chisholm and other cattle trails from central Texas to Kansas railroads. This book is about the boring work of the trail drovers, the release of their energies at trail\u27s end, and the successes and failures of the great ranches of Texas and other western regions. Don Worcester notes that the cowboys referred indiscriminately to all cattle trails north out of Texas as the Chisholm trail; he sees no reason to change this. Although he has titled this work The Chisholm Trail, it is a general history of cattle trailing and ranching. In his description of cowboys, Worcester relates that there was nothing glamorous or captivating about these early cattle drives or the men who made them (p; xiii). Even the origin of the trail drives after the Civil War was· unromantic. Texans, returning from the war, saw in the thousands of wild cattle the best available resource from which to extract a living. They were able to profit from their activity because Joseph G. McCoy and eastern buyers provided a large and stable market for their cattle (p. 16). The range cattle industry then spread northward into Montana and other regions because of good grazing, the demise of the buffalo, and the confmement of Indians to reservations. During the harsh winter of 1886- 87, the range cattle industry suffered huge losses because of extensive freezing and starving of cattle. Worcester notes that this Big Die-up marked the end of an era by hastening the end of the cattle boom (p. 173). There is no new information or interpretation in this book. However, Worcester\u27s discussion of Brush Poppers (tough cowboys who rode into thorny brush country to capture wild longhorns) provides valuable insight into the lives and hardships of the men and the horses. He has gleaned additional information about the range cattle industry from selected articles and books on the subject. Excellent pictures from the Amon Carter Museum are included. This work is not a personal reminiscence like that of old-time cowboy Andy Adams, nor is it similar to Gene Gressley\u27s exhaustively researched work on eastern investment in the western livestock industry. Rather, it is a wellwritten, general synthesis best suited for the western history buff

Review of \u3ci\u3eWild Bill Hickok and Calamity Jane: Deadwood Legends\u3c/i\u3e By James D. McLaird

For decades after the Civil War, people trekked west across the United States to find new homes, make quick fortunes in gold or silver mining, or as soldiers of the Indianfighting army. No area attracted more attention during this era than the northern Great Plains. When gold was discovered near Deadwood, South Dakota, in the middle 1870s, the region drew characters of dubious reputation. Among these were Wild Bill Hickok and Calamity Jane, two vagabonds from the Midwest whose alleged exploits made them famous in the Northern Plains and across the country. James McLaird peers into the lives of these characters to prove that screen and print have distorted their popular image. It is necessary, he suggests, to understand how the myths about Hickok and Calamity Jane originated before separating fact from fiction. In 1867, George Ward Nichols began the Hickok fraud in a Harper\u27s article that extracted Hickok from obscurity to become one of the West\u27s most popular figures. Journalist Horatio McGuire did likewise for Calamity Jane. Dime novelist Edward L. Wheeler also focused upon Calamity in his Deadwood Dick series, further spreading her fame. Subsequent writers accepted and expanded these myths

International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: beta-alanine

Position statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) provides an objective and critical review of the mechanisms and use of beta-alanine supplementation. Based on the current available literature, the conclusions of the ISSN are as follows: 1) Four weeks of beta-alanine supplementation (4–6 g daily) significantly augments muscle carnosine concentrations, thereby acting as an intracellular pH buffer; 2) Beta-alanine supplementation currently appears to be safe in healthy populations at recommended doses; 3) The only reported side effect is paraesthesia (tingling), but studies indicate this can be attenuated by using divided lower doses (1.6 g) or using a sustained-release formula; 4) Daily supplementation with 4 to 6 g of beta-alanine for at least 2 to 4 weeks has been shown to improve exercise performance, with more pronounced effects in open end-point tasks/time trials lasting 1 to 4 min in duration; 5) Beta-alanine attenuates neuromuscular fatigue, particularly in older subjects, and preliminary evidence indicates that beta-alanine may improve tactical performance; 6) Combining beta-alanine with other single or multi-ingredient supplements may be advantageous when supplementation of beta-alanine is high enough (4–6 g daily) and long enough (minimum 4 weeks); 7) More research is needed to determine the effects of beta-alanine on strength, endurance performance beyond 25 min in duration, and other health-related benefits associated with carnosine

Last Years of Manifest Destiny: Filibustering in Northwestern Mexico, 1845-1862

Histor

Study of aircraft in intraurban transportation systems, volume 1

An analysis of an effective short range, high density computer transportation system for intraurban systems is presented. The seven county Detroit, Michigan, metropolitan area, was chosen as the scenario for the analysis. The study consisted of an analysis and forecast of the Detroit market through 1985, a parametric analysis of appropriate short haul aircraft concepts and associated ground systems, and a preliminary overall economic analysis of a simplified total system designed to evaluate the candidate vehicles and select the most promising VTOL and STOL aircraft. Data are also included on the impact of advanced technology on the system, the sensitivity of mission performance to changes in aircraft characteristics and system operations, and identification of key problem areas that may be improved by additional research. The approach, logic, and computer models used are adaptable to other intraurban or interurban areas

The effect of beta-alanine supplementation on neuromuscular fatigue in elderly (55–92 Years): a double-blind randomized study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Ageing is associated with a significant reduction in skeletal muscle carnosine which has been linked with a reduction in the buffering capacity of muscle and in theory, may increase the rate of fatigue during exercise. Supplementing beta-alanine has been shown to significantly increase skeletal muscle carnosine. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to examine the effects of ninety days of beta-alanine supplementation on the physical working capacity at the fatigue threshold (PWC_FT) in elderly men and women.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Using a double-blind placebo controlled design, twenty-six men (n = 9) and women (n = 17) (age ± SD = 72.8 ± 11.1 yrs) were randomly assigned to either beta-alanine (BA: 800 mg × 3 per day; n = 12; CarnoSyn™) or Placebo (PL; n = 14) group. Before (pre) and after (post) the supplementation period, participants performed a discontinuous cycle ergometry test to determine the PWC_FT.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Significant increases in PWC_FT(28.6%) from pre- to post-supplementation were found for the BA treatment group (p < 0.05), but no change was observed with PL treatment. These findings suggest that ninety days of BA supplementation may increase physical working capacity by delaying the onset of neuromuscular fatigue in elderly men and women.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We suggest that BA supplementation, by improving intracellular pH control, improves muscle endurance in the elderly. This, we believe, could have importance in the prevention of falls, and the maintenance of health and independent living in elderly men and women.</p

Treatment and Seasonal Effects on Alfalfa Crude Protein Content

Last updated: 6/12/200

Reviews

Christianity and the Detective Story. Ed. Anya Morlan and Walter Raubicheck. Reviewed by Melody Green. The Shamanic Odyssey: Homer, Tolkien, and the Visionary Experience Robert Tindall with Susana Bustos. Foreword by John Perkins. Reviewed by Emily E. Auger. Gaining a Face: The Romanticism of C.S. Lewis. James Prothero and Donald T. Williams. Reviewed by Crystal Hurd. The A-Z of C.S. Lewis: An Encyclopedia of His Life, Thought and Writings. Colin Duriez. Reviewed by Andrew Stout. Under The Mercy: Charles Williams & The Holy Grail. Robert Peirano. Reviewed by Eric Rauscher. Tolkien and the Modernists: Literary Responses to the Dark New Days of the 20th Century. Theresa Freda Nicolay. Reviewed by Robert T. Tally Jr. Tolkien at Exeter College: How an Oxford undergraduate Created Middle-Earth. John Garth. Reviewed by Mike Foster Fastitocalon: Studies in Fantasticism Ancient to Modern. Editors in Chief Thomas Honegger and Fanfan Chen. Reviewed by Janet Brennan Croft. TOLKIEN Studies XI Editors: Michael D.C. Drout, Verlyn Flieger, and David Bratman. Reviewed by Janet Brennan Croft

Effect of β-alanine supplementation on 20 km cycling time trial performance

The effects of β-alanine supplementation on high-intensity cycling performance and capacity have been evaluated, although the effects on longer duration cycling performance are unclear. Nineteen UK category 1 male cyclists completed four 20 km cycling time trials, two before and two after supplementation with either 6.4 g•d -1 β-alanine (n = 10; BA) or a matched placebo (n = 9; P). Performance time for the 20 km time trial and 1 km split times were recorded. There was no significant effect of β-alanine supplementation on 20 km time trial performance (BA-pre 1943 ± 129 s; BA-post 1950 ± 147 s; P-pre 1989 ± 106 s; P-post 1986 ± 115 s) or on the performance of each 1 km split. The effect of β-alanine on 20 km time trial performance was deemed unclear as determined by magnitude based inferences. Supplementation with 6.4 g•d -1 of β-alanine for 4 weeks did not affect 20 km cycling time trial performance in well trained male cyclists