Fairy tale and the world. Interpretation of fairy tales under the perspective of theory of culture

Tématem této práce jsou pohádky jakožto významná součást kultury, která obsahuje obrovské množství výpovědí o světě. Tyto výpovědi však jsou různým způsobem ukryty, zkresleny, zamaskovány či zdeformovány; proto pohádky od počátku své existence přitahují pozornost mnoha různých vědeckých oborů, vybízejí k nejrůznějšímu zkoumání, a postupně se staly předmětem mnoha různých hypotéz, výkladů a teorií. Práce si klade za cíl jednak popsat, prozkoumat a zhodnotit proměny přístupu k pohádkám v rámci vývoje jejich zkoumání; jednak blíže prozkoumat a porovnat ty přístupy, které se zabývají jejich interpretací, a zamyslet se nad principy interpretace pohádek obecně. Dílčími cíly jsou zamyšlení nad vztahem pohádky, mýtu a rituálu, pohádky a skutečnosti, pohádky a lidské psychiky a nad etičností pohádek. První část práce nazvaná Přístupy k pohádce představuje historický přehled bádání o pohádce. Protože teorie pohádky zahrnuje tázání po jejím vztahu k ostatním folklorním žánrům, zabývám se zpočátku také bádáním o mýtu, které se zkoumáním pohádky prolíná. Dále popisuji první výklady původu a šíření pohádkových látek, pokusy o třídění a klasifikaci pohádek, a konečně teorie, pátrající po smyslu pohádkových příběhů, tedy po tom, na jaké další skutečnosti pohádka odkazuje a jaké různé významy jsou v pohádkách obsaženy. Ve...This work is concerned with fairy tales as significant part of culture which contains huge number of information about the world. However, these information are in different ways hidden, distorted, masked or deformed; thaťs why, from the beginning oftheir existence, fairy tales have been attracting attention of many fields and challenging to various examining, and gradually, they became an object of many different hypotheses, interpretations and theories. The aim of this work was to describe, survey and review changes of approach to fairy tales within the development of this research on the one hand, and to inspect more closely and to compare the approaches which deal with particular interpretations on the other hand. Finally, to inquire into prínciples of interpretation in generál. Partial aims were also to try to examine relation between fairy tale, myťh and rituál, between fairy tale and reality and fairy tale and human psychic; moreover, to survey ethical priciples in fairy tales. The first part of the work, called Approaches to Fairy Tale, represents ahistorical review of research of fairy tale. Since the theory of fairy tales includes examining of its relation to other folklore genres, I also deal with research of myťh which blends with that of fairy tale. Next, I describe the first explanation of...Institute of EthnologyÚstav etnologieFilozofická fakultaFaculty of Art

Podvratné pohádky

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The Origin of a New Sex Chromosome by Introgression between Two Stickleback Fishes.

Introgression is increasingly recognized as a source of genetic diversity that fuels adaptation. Its role in the evolution of sex chromosomes, however, is not well known. Here, we confirm the hypothesis that the Y chromosome in the ninespine stickleback, Pungitius pungitius, was established by introgression from the Amur stickleback, P. sinensis. Using whole genome resequencing, we identified a large region of Chr 12 in P. pungitius that is diverged between males and females. Within but not outside of this region, several lines of evidence show that the Y chromosome of P. pungitius shares a most recent common ancestor not with the X chromosome, but with the homologous chromosome in P. sinensis. Accumulation of repetitive elements and gene expression changes on the new Y are consistent with a young sex chromosome in early stages of degeneration, but other hallmarks of Y chromosomes have not yet appeared. Our findings indicate that porous species boundaries can trigger rapid sex chromosome evolution

Genetic instability from a single S phase after whole-genome duplication

Diploid and stable karyotypes are associated with health and fitness in animals. By contrast, whole-genome duplications—doublings of the entire complement of chromosomes—are linked to genetic instability and frequently found in human cancers(1–3). It has been established that whole-genome duplications fuel chromosome instability through abnormal mitosis(4–8); however, the immediate consequences of tetraploidy in the first interphase are not known. This is a key question because single whole-genome duplication events such as cytokinesis failure can promote tumorigenesis(9). Here we find that human cells undergo high rates of DNA damage during DNA replication in the first S phase following induction of tetraploidy. Using DNA combing and single-cell sequencing, we show that DNA replication dynamics is perturbed, generating under- and over-replicated regions. Mechanistically, we find that these defects result from a shortage of proteins during the G1/S transition, which impairs the fidelity of DNA replication. This work shows that within a single interphase, unscheduled tetraploid cells can acquire highly abnormal karyotypes. These findings provide an explanation for the genetic instability landscape that favours tumorigenesis after tetraploidization

Aneuploidy renders cancer cells vulnerable to mitotic checkpoint inhibition

Selective targeting of aneuploid cells is an attractive strategy for cancer treatment(1). Here, we mapped the aneuploidy landscapes of ~1,000 human cancer cell lines, and analyzed genetic and chemical perturbation screens(2–9) to reveal aneuploidy-associated cellular vulnerabilities. We identified and validated an increased sensitivity of aneuploid cancer cells to genetic perturbation of core components of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), which ensures the proper segregation of chromosomes during mitosis(10). Surprisingly, we also found aneuploid cancer cells to be less sensitive to short-term exposures to multiple SAC inhibitors. Indeed, aneuploid cancer cells became increasingly more sensitive to SAC inhibition (SACi) over time. Aneuploid cells exhibited aberrant spindle geometry and dynamics, and kept dividing in the presence of SACi, resulting in accumulating mitotic defects, and in unstable and less fit karyotypes. Therefore, although aneuploid cancer cells could overcome SACi more readily than diploid cells, their long-term proliferation was jeopardized. We identified a specific mitotic kinesin, KIF18A, whose activity was perturbed in aneuploid cancer cells. Aneuploid cancer cells were particularly vulnerable to KIF18A depletion, and KIF18A overexpression restored their response to SACi. Our study reveals a novel, therapeutically-relevant, synthetic lethal interaction between aneuploidy and the SAC

Measures of linkage disequilibrium among neighbouring SNPs indicate asymmetries across the house mouse hybrid zone

Theory predicts that naturally occurring hybrid zones between genetically distinct taxa can move over space and time as a result of selection and/or demographic processes, with certain types of hybrid zones being more or less likely to move. Determining whether a hybrid zone is stationary or moving has important implications for understanding evolutionary processes affecting interactions in hybrid populations. However, direct observations of hybrid zone movement are difficult to make unless the zone is moving rapidly. Here, evidence for movement in the house mouse Mus musculus domesticus  ×  Mus musculus musculus hybrid zone is provided using measures of LD and haplotype structure among neighbouring SNP markers from across the genome. Local populations of mice across two transects in Germany and the Czech Republic were sampled, and a total of 1301 mice were genotyped at 1401 markers from the nuclear genome. Empirical measures of LD provide evidence for extinction and (re)colonization in single populations and, together with simulations, suggest hybrid zone movement because of either geography‐dependent asymmetrical dispersal or selection favouring one subspecies over the other.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/87160/1/MEC_5148_sm_FigureS3.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/87160/2/MEC_5148_sm_FigureS2.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/87160/3/MEC_5148_sm_FigureS1.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/87160/4/j.1365-294X.2011.05148.x.pd

Chromosome and DNA methylation dynamics during meiosis in autotetraploid Arabidopsis arenosa

Variation in chromosome number due to polyploidy can seriously compromise meiotic stability. In autopolyploids, the presence of more than two homologous chromosomes may result in complex pairing patterns and subsequent anomalous chromosome segregation. In this context, chromocenter, centromeric, telomeric and ribosomal DNA locus topology and DNA methylation patterns were investigated in the natural autotetraploid, Arabidopsis arenosa. The data show that homologous chromosome recognition and association initiates at telomeric domains in premeiotic interphase, followed by quadrivalent pairing of ribosomal 45S RNA gene loci (known as NORs) at leptotene. On the other hand, centromeric regions at early leptotene show pairwise associations rather than associations in fours. These pairwise associations are maintained throughout prophase I, and therefore likely to be related to the diploid-like behavior of A. arenosa chromosomes at metaphase I, where only bivalents are observed. In anthers, both cells at somatic interphase as well as at premeiotic interphase show 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) dispersed throughout the nucleus, contrasting with a preferential co-localization with chromocenters observed in vegetative nuclei. These results show for the first time that nuclear distribution patterns of 5-mC are simultaneously reshuffled in meiocytes and anther somatic cells. During prophase I, 5-mC is detected in extended chromatin fibers and chromocenters but interestingly is excluded from the NORs what correlates with the pairing patter

Structural analysis reveals features of the spindle checkpoint kinase Bub1–kinetochore subunit Knl1 interaction

The function of the essential checkpoint kinases Bub1 and BubR1 requires their recruitment to mitotic kinetochores. Kinetochore recruitment of Bub1 and BubR1 is proposed to rely on the interaction of the tetratricopeptide repeats (TPRs) of Bub1 and BubR1 with two KI motifs in the outer kinetochore protein Knl1. We determined the crystal structure of the Bub1 TPRs in complex with the cognate Knl1 KI motif and compared it with the structure of the equivalent BubR1TPR–KI motif complex. The interaction developed along the convex surface of the TPR assembly. Point mutations on this surface impaired the interaction of Bub1 and BubR1 with Knl1 in vitro and in vivo but did not cause significant displacement of Bub1 and BubR1 from kinetochores. Conversely, a 62-residue segment of Bub1 that includes a binding domain for the checkpoint protein Bub3 and is C terminal to the TPRs was necessary and largely sufficient for kinetochore recruitment of Bub1. These results shed light on the determinants of kinetochore recruitment of Bub1