Predicting Jet Noise for Full-Scale Low-Boom Aircraft

Supersonic vehicle research addresses the development of tools, technologies, and knowledge to help eliminate technical barriers to practical commercial supersonic flight. While the major focus of this research has been on reducing the ground signature at supersonic cruise, airplanes must also satisfy noise constraints during takeoff and landing at subsonic speeds, and jet noise is the main sound source. We use computational aeroacoustic sim- ulation tools to assess new designs at these lower speeds. We are further scrutinizing both modeling and simulation practices and the use of hybrid Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes/Large- Eddy Simulations methods and developing new methods to predict jet noise on a full flight configuration

Phenology and Effects of Dams on the Success of Atlantic Salmon Smolt Migrations in the Penobscot River, Maine

Atlantic salmon Salmo salar populations are diminished throughout their range and high marine mortality is among the drivers of the failure of many stocks to recover. A goal of salmon recovery is to maximize the number of juvenile ‘smolts’ entering the ocean to offset loss therein. Dam removals and changes to hydropower allocation in Maine’s largest river, the Penobscot River, have occurred as part of the Penobscot River Restoration Project (PRRP). These activities, in addition to stocking have the potential to influence the number of smolts reaching the ocean. Telemetry was used to investigate factors influencing initiation of migratory behavior, movement rates, migratory route, and survival through freshwater (FW) before and after changes to the system resulting from the PRRP, and behavior and survival of smolts during estuary migration. Initiation of migration was influenced by smolt development, stocking location and environmental conditions. Smolts with the greatest gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity (physiological development) initiated migration 24 hours sooner than fish with the lowest gill NKA activity. Fish with the greatest cumulative temperature experience (accumulated thermal units: ATU) initiated migration 5 days earlier than those with lowest ATU. Smolts released furthest upstream initiated migration earlier than those released downstream, and movement rate increased 5-fold from upstream to the estuary. Movement rate increased from 2.8 km·h-1 to 5.4 km·h-1 in reaches where dams were removed, and decreased from 2.1 km·h-1 to 0.1 kmh-1 after powerhouse construction. Proportional use of the Stillwater Branch was low (0.12, 95% CI = 0.06 – 0.25), and survival through the dams therein was relatively high (0.99) prior to installation of new powerhouses, decreasing slightly thereafter. Survival at Milford Dam, now the lowermost dam in the main-stem, was low (0.91) prior to increased power generation, whereas survival at Great Works and Veazie Dams was high (0.99 and 0.98) prior to removal. Survival was higher through free-flowing reaches (\u3e 0.99·km-1) than reaches containing dams (c. 0.95·km-1). Survival was reduced at high (\u3e 2000 m3s-1) or low (\u3c300 m3s-1) flow, and was optimal between 12 C and 17 C. Survival increased following dam removal, but survival through those dams was high before removal. The greatest increase in survival (8%) followed turbine shutdown at Howland Dam. Smolts experiencing greatest ATU arrived in the estuary 8 days earlier than those experiencing lowest ATU. Estuary arrival date was 10 days later for fish experiencing high flow than for fish experiencing low flow. Fish released furthest upstream arrived in the estuary 3 days later than those stocked further downstream, but moved 0.5 km·h-1 faster through the estuary. Estuary survival decreased by 40% with increasing number of dams passed (from 2 to 9). Estuary movement rate and survival both peaked in mid-May, and slowed from FW to ocean, likely resulting from tidal influences. Smolts became increasingly surface-oriented during passage from FW to ocean as salt water (SW) became more prevalent. In laboratory experiments, preference for SW by never exceeded 50% during smolt development. Thus, smolts likely select low salinity (i.e. surface) waters during migration through coastal areas. Smolts with low gill NKA activity spent greater time in FW reaches of the estuary than those with high gill NKA activity. However, there was no difference in travel time through SW reaches of the estuary based on gill NKA activity. Fish with the highest gill NKA activity incurred 25% lower mortality through the estuary than fish with lowest gill NKA activity, and survival was lowest where SW was prevalent. These results underscore the importance of physiological preparedness on performance and the delayed effects of dams on survival of smolts during estuary migration, ultimately affecting marine survival estimates

Behavioral Biases in Marketing

Psychology and economics (the mixture of which is known as behavioral economics) are two fundamental disciplines underlying marketing. Various marketing studies document the non-rational behavior of consumers, even though behavioral biases might not always be consistently termed or formally described. In this review, we identify empirical research that studies behavioral biases in marketing. We summarize the key findings according to three classes of deviations (i.e., non-standard preferences, non-standard beliefs, and non-standard decision-making) and the marketing mix instruments (i.e., product, price, place, and promotion). We thereby introduce marketing researchers to the theoretical foundation of and terminology used in behavioral economics. For scholars from behavioral economics, we provide ready access to the rich empirical, applied marketing literature. We conclude with important managerial implications resulting from the behavioral biases of consumers, and we present avenues for future research

A dam passage performance standard model for American shad

Objectives for recovery of alosines commonly involve improving fish passage at dams during migration. However, a quantitative basis for dam passage performance standards is largely absent. We describe development of a stochastic life-history-based simulation model for American shad, Alosa sapidissima, to estimate effects of dam passage and migratory delay on abundance, spatial distribution of spawning adults, and demographic structuring in space and time. We used the Penobscot River, Maine, USA, as a case study to examine sensitivity of modeled population metrics and probability of achieving specific management goals to inputs. Spawner abundance and percentage of repeat spawners were most sensitive to survival and migration delay at dams, marine survival, and temperature cues for migratory events. Recovery objectives related to abundance and spatial distribution of spawners were achievable under multiple scenarios, but high rates of upstream and downstream passage were necessary. The simulation indicated trade-offs between upstream and downstream passage efficacy whereby increased downstream passage was required to maintain or increase population abundance in conjunction with increased upstream passage. This model provides a quantitative support tool for managers to inform ecologically based decisions about a suite of management scenarios to facilitate recovery and sustainability of diadromous fish populations

Optimizing Investment Planning For District Heating Coupling Of Industrial Energy Systems Using MILP

Industrial energy systems are being transformed to decrease energy costs, reduce emissions, and ensure security of supply. The increasing integration of renewable energies and industrial waste heat leads to complex and interconnected industrial energy systems. At the same time, the decarbonization of the heating sector is still in its infancy and possibilities are discussed to make excess heat from industrial companies available for building supply via district heating networks or to use district heating for thermal energy supply in the industrial sector. In this paper, we present an optimization-based investment planning approach to calculate the optimal dimensioning of a potential heat transfer station connecting industrial sites to district heating systems. The approach is based on a model library that includes typical components of industrial energy systems. Moreover, it integrates different energy demands such as heating, cooling, or electricity of production systems and sites as well as waste heat of production processes depending on predominant temperature levels. The approach manages to include transformation strategies of the industrial energy system by integrating different scenarios using regret optimization, giving decision makers a better overview of the impact of the investment in a heat transfer station on the overall factory planning. The approach is applied to the planning process of an industrial company. In the use case, a positive net present value shows the benefits of an investment in a heat transfer station. Moreover, energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced over the planning horizon and through the higher utilization of waste heat as well as the more efficient use of energy systems

Opportunities And Challenges Of The Asset Administration Shell For Holistic Traceability In Supply Chain Management

Due to changing regulatory environments, evolving sustainability requirements, and the need to perform effective supply chain risk management, traceability systems have become an increasingly important aspect of supply chain management. However, globalized, interconnected supply chains require a dynamic mapping of direct and indirect relationships between companies and assets, driving traceability systems' complexity. Here, the standardization of data formats provides an essential aspect to facilitate asset-related information sharing across companies. In this regard, the Asset Administration Shell is available as a holistic standardized digital representation of an asset. The representation of an asset via an Administration Shell includes data ensuring a clear identification of the Administration Shell and its assets as well as data describing aspects of the asset's technical functionality in so-called submodels. Based on current literature and available prototypical concepts, this paper identifies the opportunities and challenges of the Asset Administration Shell when aiming to map interconnected multi-tier supply chains holistically and contextualizes their role in achieving holistic supply chain traceability

Normal faulting in the 1923 Berdún earthquake and postorogenic extension in the Pyrenees

The 10 July 1923 earthquake near Berdún (Spain) is the largest instrumentally recorded event in the Pyrenees. We recover old analog seismograms and use 20 hand-digitized waveforms for regional moment tensor inversion. We estimate moment magnitude Mw 5.4, centroid depth of 8 km, and a pure normal faulting source with strike parallel to the mountain chain (N292°E), dip of 66° and rake of -88°. The new mechanism fits into the general predominance of normal faulting in the Pyrenees and extension inferred from Global Positioning System data. The unique location of the 1923 earthquake, near the south Pyrenean thrust front, shows that the extensional regime is not confined to the axial zone where high topography and the crustal root are located. Together with seismicity near the northern mountain front, this indicates that gravitational potential energy in the western Pyrenees is not extracted locally but induces a wide distribution of postorogenic deformation.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Modelling and Control of Aqueous Parts Cleaning Machines for Demand Response

With the aim of enabling better utilization of renewable power and reducing the environmental impact of industrial sites, we propose an approach for implementing electric demand response. Cleaning machines provide significant potential for demand response due to their large water tanks, which can be used for thermal energy storage. Furthermore, many batch cleaning machines allow process interruptions without impacting the cleaning result. We show that utilizing inherent energy storage and process interruptions are practical ways to implement demand response. Hence, we present a mathematical demand response model of an aqueous parts cleaning machine and integrate it in a cyber-physical production system. The mathematical demand response model is used to determine the energy consumption of the machine resulting from the cleaning process and the tank heater. The model is divided into an event-based part describing the individual steps of the cleaning process and a time-based part representing the energy required by the tank heater to satisfy specified tank temperature limits. In addition to the mathematical model, we present the data model required for communication with the physical machine. We validate the mathematical model and the complete cyber-physical production system including a real machine in a field test in the ETA research factory for their demand response capabilities

The autumn 1919 Torremendo (Jacarilla) earthquake series (SE Spain)

On 10th September 1919 several slightly damaging earthquakes struck the towns of Torremendo, Jacarilla (near Alicante, SE-Spain) and others nearby. Available magnitude estimations for the largest two events of the series are M = 5 approx. They were earthquakes of moderate size and they occurred in a region where similar magnitude earthquakes, thoroughly studied, occurred recently (1999 Mula; 2002 Bullas; 2005 La Paca; 2011 Lorca). This makes these events of interest for a better definition of the regional seismicity. We study their sources from the analysis of the available contemporary seismograms and related documents. A total of 23 seismograms from 9 seismic stations have been collected and digitized. These seismograms contain records for the two main events and several aftershocks of the earthquake series. Finally 44 files, corresponding to 44 recorded single component records from the different events have been processed. The events have been relocated and their magnitudes recalculated. Also, original macroseismic information for these events was recovered. A macroseismic evaluation of the series has been performed. Intensity data points have been recalculated and macroseismic location and magnitude obtained. We conclude that these are the largest earthquakes occurred in the region since the beginning of instrumental recording, with Mw = 5.5 for the largest shock, and that the available data could be compatible with a thrust mechanism related to blind faults in the Bajo Segura region.This research was partly funded through projects PTDC/CTEGIX/ 122262/2010 from Portuguese FCT and CGL2012-31472 from Spanish DGI/MEyC

Review and Development of Revenue Models for A Co-Creation Platform In The Furniture Sector

Pricing is one of the most important, but underestimated tools, to enhance a company's profitability. Especially in the furniture sector, customers place a special interest in cost-efficient products and easy processes. Individualised and sustainable furniture can help to create a unique selling point and deliver real value to the customers. Therefore, a platform to create designs together is needed and can involve several stakeholders in the design and production phase. However, in order to include several stakeholders, the pricing and revenue model need to reflect individual needs and be a benefit to all. In this paper, the initial situation and potential revenue model options will be presented. Furthermore, multiple scenarios for practical use will be discovered and an overview given