Torture in Counterterrorism: Agency Incentives and Slippery Slopes

Abstract We develop a model of counterterrorism to analyze the effects of allowing a government agency to torture terrorist suspects. We find that legalizing torture in high evidence cases has offsetting effects on agency incentives to counter terrorism by means other than torture. It increases these incentives because other efforts may increase the probability of having high enough evidence to warrant the use of torture if other efforts fail. However, it also lowers these incentives because the agency might come to rely on torture to avert attacks. If the latter effect dominates, legalizing torture in high evidence cases can reduce security and increase the probability of terrorist attack. Moreover, it can increase agency incentives to torture even in low evidence cases, leading to a "slippery slope." (JEL K4, D8, H1

Legal Advice about Information to Present in Litigation: Its Effects and Social Desirability

Legal advice provided in the course of litigation often concerns the selection of information to present to a tribunal. Professors Kaplow and Shavell examine the effects and social desirability of this kind of advice. They observe that such advice may result in either more or less information reaching the tribunal and that, in either case, it will tend to produce more favorable outcomes for clients. Because individuals will take this effect into account when deciding how to act, the prospect of advice may alter their behavior. The authors explore the factors determining whether the influence on behavior is desirable or detrimental. They emphasize that legal advice supplied during litigation differs significantly from advice given when acts are initially contemplated, because only the latter type of advice generally tends to channel behavior in a socially desirable manner. The authors' analysis raises basic questions about the wisdom of the attorney-client privilege and rules protecting confidentiality in the context of litigation, and it suggests that inquiry into the lawyer's role be recast