Efficiency tests on gasoline engine

Citation: Stauffer, Arthur S., Matthews, Vernon, and Blair, Otis Neel. Efficiency tests on gasoline engine. Senior thesis, Kansas State Agricultural College, 1904.Morse Department of Special CollectionsIntroduction: This is a horizontal, ten horse power engine of the usual four cycle type, ignition taking place every fourth stroke and the speed being governed by cutting out charges of gasoline, (commonly called the “hit and miss" method) The following tests were made to determine the mechanical efficiency and the amount of gasoline required. The cylinder is cooled by city water direct from the hydrant. The temperatures of the cooling water were not taken as no attempt was made to determine the thermal efficiency of the engine. In the first two tests the load was applied by means of the ordinary prony brake, but as there was no provision for cooling the brake it, heated too badly for satisfactory results. In place of this was substituted a brake as shown in the frontispiece. This is a leather strap passing part way around the flywheel, the pull being recorded on a platform scale. By varying the arc of contract, the operator is enabled to maintain a steady load upon the engine

A model for gelation with explicit solvent effects: Structure and dynamics

We study a two-component model for gelation consisting of $f$-functional monomers (the gel) and inert particles (the solvent). After equilibration as a simple liquid, the gel particles are gradually crosslinked to each other until the desired number of crosslinks has been attained. At a critical crosslink density the largest gel cluster percolates and an amorphous solid forms. This percolation process is different from ordinary lattice or continuum percolation of a single species in the sense that the critical exponents are new. As the crosslink density $p$ approaches its critical value $p_c$, the shear viscosity diverges: $\eta(p)\sim (p_c-p)^{-s}$ with $s$ a nonuniversal concentration-dependent exponent.Comment: 6 pages, 9 figure

Critical behaviour of the Rouse model for gelling polymers

It is shown that the traditionally accepted "Rouse values" for the critical exponents at the gelation transition do not arise from the Rouse model for gelling polymers. The true critical behaviour of the Rouse model for gelling polymers is obtained from spectral properties of the connectivity matrix of the fractal clusters that are formed by the molecules. The required spectral properties are related to the return probability of a "blind ant"-random walk on the critical percolating cluster. The resulting scaling relations express the critical exponents of the shear-stress-relaxation function, and hence those of the shear viscosity and of the first normal stress coefficient, in terms of the spectral dimension $d_{s}$ of the critical percolating cluster and the exponents $\sigma$ and $\tau$ of the cluster-size distribution.Comment: 9 pages, slightly extended version, to appear in J. Phys.

Anomalous stress relaxation in random macromolecular networks

Within the framework of a simple Rouse-type model we present exact analytical results for dynamical critical behaviour on the sol side of the gelation transition. The stress-relaxation function is shown to exhibit a stretched-exponential long-time decay. The divergence of the static shear viscosity is governed by the critical exponent $k=\phi -\beta$, where $\phi$ is the (first) crossover exponent of random resistor networks, and $\beta$ is the critical exponent for the gel fraction. We also derive new results on the behaviour of normal stress coefficients.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures; contribution to the proceedings of the Minerva International Workshop on Frontiers In The Physics Of Complex Systems (25-28 March 2001) - to appear in a special issue of Physica

MR thermometry characterization of a hyperthermia ultrasound array designed using the k-space computational method

BACKGROUND: Ultrasound induced hyperthermia is a useful adjuvant to radiation therapy in the treatment of prostate cancer. A uniform thermal dose (43°C for 30 minutes) is required within the targeted cancerous volume for effective therapy. This requires specific ultrasound phased array design and appropriate thermometry method. Inhomogeneous, acoustical, three-dimensional (3D) prostate models and economical computational methods provide necessary tools to predict the appropriate shape of hyperthermia phased arrays for better focusing. This research utilizes the k-space computational method and a 3D human prostate model to design an intracavitary ultrasound probe for hyperthermia treatment of prostate cancer. Evaluation of the probe includes ex vivo and in vivo controlled hyperthermia experiments using the noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) thermometry. METHODS: A 3D acoustical prostate model was created using photographic data from the Visible Human Project(®). The k-space computational method was used on this coarse grid and inhomogeneous tissue model to simulate the steady state pressure wavefield of the designed phased array using the linear acoustic wave equation. To ensure the uniformity and spread of the pressure in the length of the array, and the focusing capability in the width of the array, the equally-sized elements of the 4 × 20 elements phased array were 1 × 14 mm. A probe was constructed according to the design in simulation using lead zerconate titanate (PZT-8) ceramic and a Delrin(® )plastic housing. Noninvasive MRI thermometry and a switching feedback controller were used to accomplish ex vivo and in vivo hyperthermia evaluations of the probe. RESULTS: Both exposimetry and k-space simulation results demonstrated acceptable agreement within 9%. With a desired temperature plateau of 43.0°C, ex vivo and in vivo controlled hyperthermia experiments showed that the MRI temperature at the steady state was 42.9 ± 0.38°C and 43.1 ± 0.80°C, respectively, for 20 minutes of heating. CONCLUSION: Unlike conventional computational methods, the k-space method provides a powerful tool to predict pressure wavefield in large scale, 3D, inhomogeneous and coarse grid tissue models. Noninvasive MRI thermometry supports the efficacy of this probe and the feedback controller in an in vivo hyperthermia treatment of canine prostate

Hyperthermia, radiation and chemotherapy: the role of heat in multidisciplinary cancer care.

The compelling biologic basis for combining hyperthermia with modern cancer therapies including radiation and chemotherapy was first appreciated nearly half a century ago. Hyperthermia complements radiation as conditions contributing to radio-resistance generally enhance sensitivity to heat and sensitizing effects occur through increased perfusion/tumor oxygenation and alteration of cellular death pathways. Chemosensitization with hyperthermia is dependent on the particular mechanism of effect for each agent with synergistic effects noted for several commonly used agents. Clinically, randomized trials have demonstrated benefit including survival with the addition of hyperthermia to radiation or chemotherapy in treatment of a wide range of malignancies. Improvements in treatment delivery techniques, streamlined logistics, and greater understanding of the relationship of thermal dosimetry to treatment outcomes continue to facilitate wider clinical implementation. Evolving applications include thermal enhancement of immunotherapy, targeted drug delivery and application of principals of thermal biology towards integration of thermal ablation into multimodality oncologic care

Gene Therapy Restores Auditory and Vestibular Function in a Mouse Model of Usher Syndrome Type 1c

Because there are currently no biological treatments for deafness, we sought to advance gene therapy approaches to treat genetic deafness. We reasoned that gene delivery systems that target auditory and vestibular sensory cells with high efficiency would be required to restore complex auditory and balance function. We focused on Usher Syndrome, a devastating genetic disorder that causes blindness, balance disorders and profound deafness, and used a knock-in mouse model, Ush1c c.216G>A, which carries a cryptic splice site mutation found in French-Acadian patients with Usher Syndrome type IC (USH1C). Following delivery of wild-type Ush1c into the inner ears of neonatal Ush1c c.216G>A mice, we find recovery of gene and protein expression, restoration of sensory cell function, rescue of complex auditory function and recovery of hearing and balance behavior to near wild-type levels. The data represent unprecedented recovery of inner ear function and suggest that biological therapies to treat deafness may be suitable for translation to humans with genetic inner ear disorders

New England and the Bavarian Illuminati,

Published also as thesis (PH.D.) Columbia university, 1918.Bibliography: p.361-374.Mode of access: Internet