Uncomfortable Data: Ending Deprivation of Liberty of Migrant Children through Improved Data

At least 330,000 children are deprived of their liberty for migration related reasons every year worldwide. Because of the limited data available publicly, little is known about the characteristics of these children. This study aims to verify the existence, accessibility, and quality of data on immigration detention of children. In order to verify what categories of data are recorded by the public authorities, the authors approached 37 states requesting statistics under Freedom of Information regulations. Migration authorities were asked for historical and up-to-date statistics disaggregated by basic demographic features such as gender, nationality and accompanied status. Although the findings confirm the scarcity of data, several data-related promising practices were identified. Their implementation can significantly improve data capabilities of migration authorities and contribute to better policy making, particularly in measuring the progress toward ending the immigration detention of children. This report builds on the experience of the UN Global Study on Children Deprived of Liberty (2019) which was the first scientific attempt to assess the magnitude of the situation of children deprived of liberty, including migrant children.Global Campus of Human Right

Potential of selected fungal species to degrade wheat straw, the most abundant plant raw material in Europe

Background: Structural component of plant biomass, lignocellulose, is the most abundant renewable resource in nature. Lignin is the most recalcitrant natural aromatic polymer and its degradation presents great challenge. Nowadays, the special attention is given to biological delignification, the process where white-rot fungi take the crucial place owing to strong ligninolytic enzyme system. However, fungal species, even strains, differ in potential to produce high active ligninolytic enzymes and consequently to delignify plant biomass. Therefore, the goals of the study were characterization of Mn-oxidizing peroxidases and laccases of numerous mushrooms as well as determination of their potential to delignify wheat straw, the plant raw material that, according to annual yield, takes the first place in Europe and the second one in the world. Results: During wheat straw fermentation, Lentinus edodes HAI 858 produced the most active Mn-dependent and Mn-independent peroxidases (1443.2 U L-1 and 1045.5 U L-1, respectively), while Pleurotus eryngii HAI 711 was the best laccase producer (7804.3 U L-1). Visualized bends on zymogram confirmed these activities and demonstrated that laccases were the dominant ligninolytic enzymes in the studied species. Ganoderma lucidum BEOFB 435 showed considerable ability to degrade lignin (58.5%) and especially hemicellulose (74.8%), while the cellulose remained almost intact (0.7%). Remarkable selectivity in lignocellulose degradation was also noted in Pleurotus pulmonarius HAI 573 where degraded amounts of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose were in ratio of 50.4%:15.3%:3.8%. Conclusions: According to the presented results, it can be concluded that white-rot fungi, due to ligninolytic enzymes features and degradation potential, could be important participants in various biotechnological processes including biotransformation of lignocellulose residues/wastes in food, feed, paper and biofuels. © 2017 The Author(s)

The quality difference between frankfurters seasoned with conventional and organic spices

Frankfurters seasoned with conventional and organic garlic or coriander were investigated for the differences in taste and odor intensities, instrumental color and oxidative stability during 35 days of cold storage. Garlic powder, both organic (0.78 mg MDA/kg) and conventional (0.71 mg MDA/kg), promoted lipid oxidation compared to control frankfurters without garlic (0.52 mg MDA/kg). Consumers assessed odor (6.68) and taste (6.18) intensities of frankfurters with organic garlic significantly higher compared to the odor (4.73) and taste (4.65) of the frankfurters with conventional garlic. Color of frankfurters with organic or conventional spices was also significantly different. At the 95% confidence level, at least 20% of the consumers could distinguish between the samples with organic and conventional garlic, and at least 14% of the consumers between the samples with organic and conventional coriander. For the first time it is suggested that seasoning with organic instead of conventionally produced spices might improve quality characteristics of meat products

Differences in meat colour between free-range Swallow Belly Mangalitsa and commercially reared Swedish Landrace pigs during 6 days of vacuum storage

The influence of storage on meat colour differences between free-range Swallow Belly Mangalitsa (MA, n = 19) and commercially reared Swedish Landrace (SL, n = 17) pigs, are investigated in the present study. Proximate composition analyses were done on fresh samples of M. longissimus thoracis (LT) and M. gluteus medius (GM), while pH values and colour quality attributes were determined on fresh cuts of the muscles (day 1) and after 3 and 6 days of vacuum storage at 4 +/- 1 degrees C. MA pork had a significantly higher share of intramuscular fat, a darker colour, a higher deoxymyoglobin (Mb) content and oxy / met (oxymyoglobin / metmyoglobin) ratio, higher pH(24h) values and a slower pH decline compared to the control SL group (P (lt) 0.05). Greater changes in myoglobin forms during storage were observed in MA pork, which were reflected in a significant decrease in the content of Mb and an increase in the oxy / met ratio (P (lt) 0.05). After 6 days of vacuum storage, higher pH(6d) values, a lower metmyoglobin (MetMb) content and a higher oxy / met ratio of MA pork lead to the conclusion that aged meat from free-range Swallow Belly Mangalitsa pigs had better colour quality compared to Swedish Landrace pigs

Treatment of Waste Copper Electrolytes Using Insoluble and Soluble Anodes

The use of copper anodes with non standard content of impurities for the treatment of waste, sulphur acid solutions that came as a result of the industrial process of electrolytic copper refining was investigated. Those solutions contain the high content of copper, nickel and arsine, and because of that, the copper anodes with high content of Ni, Pb, Sn and Sb were prepared. Examination the effect of high impurities content as well as the influence of the solution temperature on the anodes behaviour during the electrolytic process under the conditions that are the same as the industrial was the aim of this work. Obtained results clearly indicate that tested anodes could be used for the refined during the electrorefining process. Dissolution of copper anodes was not stoppage after the first appearance of the passivation region for A1 and A2 anodes while appearance of passivation for A3 anode, for test duration of 72 h, was not registered. The start time of the first passivation appearance is shorter in the case of the anode with high content of all impurities, anode A1. The first passivation occurrence was detected on higher temperature after about 29 h from the test starts. The change of chemical composition of electrolyte was monitored during electrolysis. Concentration of nickel in the working electrolyte at the end of process is increased and it corresponds to the Ni content in anodes. The copper and arsenic concentrations are decreased during the process. Arsenic passes into the anode slime, while the copper is deposited on the cathode and also passed in the slime. After the process is finished, obtained solution could be used for the nickel recover using the electrochemically or chemically methods

Simplified Indirect Estimation of Pump Flow Discharge: An Example from Serbia

In the absence of a flowmeter or due to its inaccuracy, the flow rate at the discharge section of the pipeline following the observed pump can be roughly estimated if the pressure can be measured instead. To use the proposed procedure two main conditions should be achieved: (1) a manometer should be installed at the discharge pipeline between the pump and the flow regulation valve, and (2) the actual curve that relates pressure and flow for the observed pump unit should be known in advance. The described example is from Serbia, but it is of interest for any water pumping station with a submersible pump (installed in wells or tanks) where a limited number of adequate places for the measuring of flow are available (if any are available at all), but where the pressure at the discharge pipe of the observed pump can be measured. This simplified method can find applicability in installations in remote rural regions where limited resources are available. The results show that the calculated values of the flow obtained by the presented method deviate greatly in relation to the measured values provided by the portable ultrasonic flowmeter, up to 60% at one of the measuring points. However, in relation to the measured values provided by the permanently installed flowmeter the discrepancy is significantly lower (0.6–6.8%)

Ispitivanje otpornosti sorata kruške prema Erwinia amylovora metodom inokulacije nesazrelih plodova

Susceptibility of different pear cultivars to Erwinia amaylovora by artificial inoculated immature pear fruits are shown in this article. According obtained results significant differences among cultivars are confirmed and they could be divided in four groups. Most susceptibly cultivars were Santa Marija. Second group includes Williams, Morettini, Carmen, Hardenpont. As most resistant shown to be Magness, Turandot and two local varietyies Karamanka, as well as another unknown local cultivar. This results are compatible with literature data, but also confirmed observations about susceptibility of various pear cultivars to E. amylovora under natural infections. Artificial inoculation immature pear fruit could be considered as relativelu relible method for estimation of pear fruit trees resistance to this bacteria.U radu je prikazana reakcija plodova različitih sorata kruške prema Erwinia amylovora metodom inokulacije nesazrelih plodova. Utvrđeno je da postoje značajne razlike u osetljivosti raznih sorata kruške prema patogenu i one se mogu podeliti u četiri grupe prema korišćenoj skali. Najosetljivijom se pokazala sorta Santa Marija. Nešto manju osetljivost ispoljile su sorte Vilijamova, Moretini, Karmen i Hardenpont; najotpornijim su se pokazale Magnes, Turandot, Junska Lepotica, Karamanka i nepoznata autohtona sorta. Prema dosadašnjim saznanjima ovi rezultati su u saglasnosti sa podacima iz literature i zapažanjima o otpornosti sorti kruške prema E. amylovora, primenom metode inokulacije plodova. Istraživanja su pokazala da se ovakav metod utvrđivanja otpornosti kruške prema E. amylovora sa relativnom pouzdanošću može koristiti u ove svrhe

Potential of selected micromycetes for wheat straw degradation

For the last several years, there is an increasing research interest for lignocellulosic biomass because of its renewable nature. Wheat straw, as one of the most abundant plant wastes, could potentially be transformed into various high valued products (food, feed, paper, biofuel). Micromycetes play an important role in lignocellulose conversion owing to their powerfull enzymatic system. They posses different potentials to synthetise lignocelullolytic enzymes and degrade biomass. Therefore, the objectives of this study were determination of Mn-oxidising peroxidases and laccases activities and extent of wheat straw depolymerisation during solid-state fermentation by selected micromycetes species/strains. The highest Mn-dependent-and Mn-independent peroxidases activities were noted in Clonostachys rosea BEOFB 1610m on day 14 of cultivation (210.23 and 303.03 U l–1, respectively), while Alternaria sp. BEOFB 202m was the unique producer of laccase which maximum activity (1558.59 U l–1) was observed after 7 days of wheat straw fermentation. After 21 days of wheat straw depolymerisation, the highest level of lignin degradation was caused by C. rosea BEOFB 1610m (13.67%), while Alternaria sp. BEOFB 202m was the most efficient hemicellulose and cellulose degrader (38.1 and 29.8%, respectively). These data demonstrate that studied fungal species/strains could potentially be used in various biotechnological processes for the plant raw materials transformation. © 2018, Scibulcom Ltd. All rights reserved

Lignocellulose Degradation by Daedaleopsis confragosa and D-tricolor

The properties and capacities of the ligninolytic enzymes of Daedaleopsis spp. are still unknown. This is the first study on the effect of plant residues and period of cultivation on the properties of Mn-oxidizing peroxidases and laccases of D. confragosa and D. tricolor, as well as their ligninolytic potentials. Wheat straw was the optimal carbon source for synthesis of highly active Mn-dependent peroxidases (4126.9 U/L in D. confragosa and 2037.9 U/L in D. tricolor). However, laccases were the predominant enzymes, and the best inducer of their activity (up 16000.0 U/L) was cherry sawdust. Wheat straw was the most susceptible plant residue to the effect of the enzymes, and extent of lignin degradation was 43.3% after 14 days of fermentation with D. tricolor. However, D. confragosa was a more effective lignin degrader, as it converted even 21.3% wheat straw lignin on the 6th day of cultivation. The results of the study clearly showed that delignification extent depends on mushroom species and on the type of plant residue, which is extremely important for potential use in biotechnological processes