A conceptual study on the effect of Tilwaka Prathisaraneeya Kshara in Internal Haemorrhoids

Arshas is one of the most common ano-rectal disorder affecting mankind for thousands of years, which is evident from references available in Vedas. Because of its severity it is considered as one among the Astamahagadas. Arshas can be clinically correlated with Haemorrhoids. Haemorrhoids are dilated veins with in the anal canal in the subepithelial region formed by radicles of the superior, middle and inferior rectal veins. It is divided into two categories - internal and external Haemorrhoids. The causes are straining during defecation, sitting for a long period, chronic diarrhea or constipation, being obese, being pregnant, eating low fiber diet, regular heavy lifting etc. Haemorrhoids are very common and affect up to 5% of general population particularly people above 50 yrs of age. Sushruta explains four modalities of treatment for Arshoroga as Bheshaja, Kshara, Agni and Shastra Karma. Kshara Pratisarana is mentioned in case of Arshas which is having features like Mrudu (soft), Prasruta (extensive), Avagadha (deep) and Ucchrita (raised). The effect of Kshara is to replace Shastra Karma, as it does the functions of Chedana, Bhedana and Lekhana Karma. It also does the functions like Dahana, Dharana, Pachana, Vilayana, Shodana, Ropana, Shoshana, Stambana, Krimighna, Kaphaghna, Kustaghna, Vishaghna, and Medhaghna. Hence Kshara Karma is considered to be superior among Shastra and Anushastra Karma. It is a para surgical procedure which requires minimum hospital stay. Here is an attempt is made to conduct a study regarding the effect of Tilwaka Prathisaraneeya Kshara in Internal Haemorrhoids

The Role of Human Resources Management in Present Scenario

 Human Resource Development is the term used to describe the process of developing human resources. Human Resource Management is a philosophy, whereas Human Resource Development refers to the activities and processes that promote the intellectual, moral, psychological, cultural, social, and economic development of individuals in organizations in order to help them reach their full human potential as community resources. It is a constant process in which personnel are aided in developing their abilities in a systematic manner. Human Resources Management is responsible for maximizing efficiency and profit, but in the new environment, the function of HRM is changing Because of developments in government policies, unions, labour laws, and technology, the role of HR managers is fast evolving. Organizational trends, human resource planning, job design, motivation, recruitment, skill development, and employee interactions have all been observed. Human Resource Management may effectively address the difficulties if correct solutions are used. As a result of the changing environment, Human Resources Management will play a larger role in the future. This study aims to explain the current state of human resource management.  &nbsp

Managing The Tomato Leaf Disease Detection Accuracy Using Computer Vision Based Deep Neural Network

Development of leaf disease in the agricultural sector would decrease crop yield output. Thus, leaf disease identification can be achieved in an automatic way to increase the yield in the agriculture sector. However, most of the disease recognition system works with poor disease recognition due to varying patterns of leaf disease which impair detection accuracy. In this article, we are managing this issue by designing a computer vision model that assists in building a system that involves real-time image detection, feature extraction and image classification. The findings are given by the classifier, whether the leaf is diseased or not. In this paper we use Deep Neural Network (DNN) for real-time image classification. The experimental findings on tomato plant indicate that classification rates have increased with the proposed system relative to other current methods

DESIGN OPTIMISATION OF TWO WHEELER PISTON BY ALUMINUM ALLOYS

A piston is a component of correlate engines, return plimsoll, gas compressors and pneumatic cylinders, among other similar mechanisms. It is the moving compositional that is enclose by a cylinder and is made gasoline-handy by piston tingle. The piston metamorphoses the energy of the expanding wind into mechanical efficiency. The piston bucket in the fly liner or sleeve Pistons are generally made of Al or cast hard alloys. The main aim of the project is to sketch a piston for 1300cc diesel engine for two materials Cast Iron and Aluminium Alloy. The deigns of the piston are sculptured using PRO-E software. The purpose is evaluated by structural and thermal column analysis by address pressures and temperatures respectively. The rise is evaluated by checking the force, displacement, thermal gradient and warm purge to decide the prime mean of the piston. Structural and Thermal analysis are done in ANSYS software

Microdevices for extensional rheometry of low viscosity elastic liquids : a review

Extensional flows and the underlying stability/instability mechanisms are of extreme relevance to the efficient operation of inkjet printing, coating processes and drug delivery systems, as well as for the generation of micro droplets. The development of an extensional rheometer to characterize the extensional properties of low viscosity fluids has therefore stimulated great interest of researchers, particularly in the last decade. Microfluidics has proven to be an extraordinary working platform and different configurations of potential extensional microrheometers have been proposed. In this review, we present an overview of several successful designs, together with a critical assessment of their capabilities and limitations

De novo identification of viral pathogens from cell culture hologenomes

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Fast, specific identification and surveillance of pathogens is the cornerstone of any outbreak response system, especially in the case of emerging infectious diseases and viral epidemics. This process is generally tedious and time-consuming thus making it ineffective in traditional settings. The added complexity in these situations is the non-availability of pure isolates of pathogens as they are present as mixed genomes or hologenomes. Next-generation sequencing approaches offer an attractive solution in this scenario as it provides adequate depth of sequencing at fast and affordable costs, apart from making it possible to decipher complex interactions between genomes at a scale that was not possible before. The widespread application of next-generation sequencing in this field has been limited by the non-availability of an efficient computational pipeline to systematically analyze data to delineate pathogen genomes from mixed population of genomes or hologenomes.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>We applied next-generation sequencing on a sample containing mixed population of genomes from an epidemic with appropriate processing and enrichment. The data was analyzed using an extensive computational pipeline involving mapping to reference genome sets and <it>de-novo </it>assembly. In depth analysis of the data generated revealed the presence of sequences corresponding to <it>Japanese encephalitis </it>virus. The genome of the virus was also independently <it>de-novo </it>assembled. The presence of the virus was in addition, verified using standard molecular biology techniques.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our approach can accurately identify causative pathogens from cell culture hologenome samples containing mixed population of genomes and in principle can be applied to patient hologenome samples without any background information. This methodology could be widely applied to identify and isolate pathogen genomes and understand their genomic variability during outbreaks.</p

Chromosomal-level assembly of the Asian Seabass genome using long sequence reads and multi-layered scaffolding

We report here the ~670 Mb genome assembly of the Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer), a tropical marine teleost. We used long-read sequencing augmented by transcriptomics, optical and genetic mapping along with shared synteny from closely related fish species to derive a chromosome-level assembly with a contig N50 size over 1 Mb and scaffold N50 size over 25 Mb that span ~90% of the genome. The population structure of L. calcarifer species complex was analyzed by re-sequencing 61 individuals representing various regions across the species' native range. SNP analyses identified high levels of genetic diversity and confirmed earlier indications of a population stratification comprising three clades with signs of admixture apparent in the South-East Asian population. The quality of the Asian seabass genome assembly far exceeds that of any other fish species, and will serve as a new standard for fish genomics

Transcriptomic Characterization of a Synergistic Genetic Interaction during Carpel Margin Meristem Development in Arabidopsis thaliana

In flowering plants the gynoecium is the female reproductive structure. In Arabidopsis thaliana ovules initiate within the developing gynoecium from meristematic tissue located along the margins of the floral carpels. When fertilized the ovules will develop into seeds. SEUSS (SEU) and AINTEGUMENTA (ANT) encode transcriptional regulators that are critical for the proper formation of ovules from the carpel margin meristem (CMM). The synergistic loss of ovule initiation observed in the seu ant double mutant suggests that SEU and ANT share overlapping functions during CMM development. However the molecular mechanism underlying this synergistic interaction is unknown. Using the ATH1 transcriptomics platform we identified transcripts that were differentially expressed in seu ant double mutant relative to wild type and single mutant gynoecia. In particular we sought to identify transcripts whose expression was dependent on the coordinated activities of the SEU and ANT gene products. Our analysis identifies a diverse set of transcripts that display altered expression in the seu ant double mutant tissues. The analysis of overrepresented Gene Ontology classifications suggests a preponderance of transcriptional regulators including multiple members of the REPRODUCTIVE MERISTEMS (REM) and GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR (GRF) families are mis-regulated in the seu ant gynoecia. Our in situ hybridization analyses indicate that many of these genes are preferentially expressed within the developing CMM. This study is the first step toward a detailed description of the transcriptional regulatory hierarchies that control the development of the CMM and ovule initiation. Understanding the regulatory hierarchy controlled by SEU and ANT will clarify the molecular mechanism of the functional redundancy of these two genes and illuminate the developmental and molecular events required for CMM development and ovule initiation

Transcriptomic epidemiology of smoking: the effect of smoking on gene expression in lymphocytes

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>This investigation offers insights into system-wide pathological processes induced in response to cigarette smoke exposure by determining its influences at the gene expression level.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We obtained genome-wide quantitative transcriptional profiles from 1,240 individuals from the San Antonio Family Heart Study, including 297 current smokers. Using lymphocyte samples, we identified 20,413 transcripts with significantly detectable expression levels, including both known and predicted genes. Correlation between smoking and gene expression levels was determined using a regression model that allows for residual genetic effects.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>With a conservative false-discovery rate of 5% we identified 323 unique genes (342 transcripts) whose expression levels were significantly correlated with smoking behavior. These genes showed significant over-representation within a range of functional categories that correspond well with known smoking-related pathologies, including immune response, cell death, cancer, natural killer cell signaling and xenobiotic metabolism.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our results indicate that not only individual genes but entire networks of gene interaction are influenced by cigarette smoking. This is the largest <it>in vivo </it>transcriptomic epidemiological study of smoking to date and reveals the significant and comprehensive influence of cigarette smoke, as an environmental variable, on the expression of genes. The central importance of this manuscript is to provide a summary of the relationships between gene expression and smoking in this exceptionally large cross-sectional data set.</p

Novel Primate-Specific Genes, RMEL 1, 2 and 3, with Highly Restricted Expression in Melanoma, Assessed by New Data Mining Tool

Melanoma is a highly aggressive and therapy resistant tumor for which the identification of specific markers and therapeutic targets is highly desirable. We describe here the development and use of a bioinformatic pipeline tool, made publicly available under the name of EST2TSE, for the in silico detection of candidate genes with tissue-specific expression. Using this tool we mined the human EST (Expressed Sequence Tag) database for sequences derived exclusively from melanoma. We found 29 UniGene clusters of multiple ESTs with the potential to predict novel genes with melanoma-specific expression. Using a diverse panel of human tissues and cell lines, we validated the expression of a subset of three previously uncharacterized genes (clusters Hs.295012, Hs.518391, and Hs.559350) to be highly restricted to melanoma/melanocytes and named them RMEL1, 2 and 3, respectively. Expression analysis in nevi, primary melanomas, and metastatic melanomas revealed RMEL1 as a novel melanocytic lineage-specific gene up-regulated during melanoma development. RMEL2 expression was restricted to melanoma tissues and glioblastoma. RMEL3 showed strong up-regulation in nevi and was lost in metastatic tumors. Interestingly, we found correlations of RMEL2 and RMEL3 expression with improved patient outcome, suggesting tumor and/or metastasis suppressor functions for these genes. The three genes are composed of multiple exons and map to 2q12.2, 1q25.3, and 5q11.2, respectively. They are well conserved throughout primates, but not other genomes, and were predicted as having no coding potential, although primate-conserved and human-specific short ORFs could be found. Hairpin RNA secondary structures were also predicted. Concluding, this work offers new melanoma-specific genes for future validation as prognostic markers or as targets for the development of therapeutic strategies to treat melanoma