POWER OPTIMIZED MEMORY ORGANIZATION USING GATED DRIVER TREE

This project presents circuit design of a low-power delay buffer. The proposed delay buffer uses several new techniques to reduce its power consumption. Since delay buffers are accessed sequentially, it adopts a ring-counter addressing scheme. In the ring counter, double-edge-triggered (DET) flip-flops are utilized to reduce the operating frequency by half and the C-element gated-clock strategy is proposed. A novel gated-clock-driver tree is then applied to further reduce the activity along the clock distribution network. Moreover, the gated-driver-tree idea is also employed in the input and output ports of the memory block to decrease their loading, thus saving even more power. And also, we are presenting less area over head in this project by using FIFO (First In First Out) technique. FIFO is a technique, which is having the capability to store the DATA with out any write operation and retrieving the DATA without any read operation

NFX1, Its Isoforms and Roles in Biology, Disease and Cancer

In 1989, two NFX1 protein products were identified as nuclear proteins with the ability to bind to X-box cis-elements. Since that publication, the NFX1 gene and its homologs have been identified, from yeast to humans. This review article summarizes what is known about the NFX1 gene across species. We describe the gene and protein motifs of NFX1 homologs and their functions in cellular biology, then turn to NFX1 in human biology and disease development. In that, we focus on more recent literature about NFX1 and its two splice variants protein products (NFX1-91 and NFX1-123) that are expressed in epithelial cells. We describe new evidence of conserved protein motifs, direct and indirect gene expression regulation, and critical protein-protein interactions. Finally, we stress the emerging roles of these NFX1 splice variants in high-risk human papillomavirus-associated cancers, and the increased expression of the longer splice variant, NFX1-123, found in these cancers

Multi – Fuzzy Ideals of Г - Near Ring

Multi – fuzzy set theory is an extension of fuzzy set theory. In this paper, we define the multi fuzzy ideals of Г - near ring. Also, the notion of anti multi fuzzy ideals of a Г - near ring is introduced and investigated some related properties. This concept of multi fuzzy ideals of a Г - near ring is a generalization of the concept of fuzzy ideals in Г - near rings. Also, we define the multi-level subsets and multi anti level subsets of a multi fuzzy sub Г - near ring of a Г- near ring. In this paper we define the multi level subset and multi anti level subset of AUB. The purpose of this study establishes the algebra of multi fuzzy Г- near ring

EXPERIMENTAL TOXICITY STUDIES OF SALMONELLA SEROVARS ISOLATED FROM PIGS, IN MICE AND GERMINATING SEEDS

ABSTRACT Experimental studies on the effects produced b

Correlation-maximizing surrogate gene space for visual mining of gene expression patterns in developing barley endosperm tissue

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Micro- and macroarray technologies help acquire thousands of gene expression patterns covering important biological processes during plant ontogeny. Particularly, faithful visualization methods are beneficial for revealing interesting gene expression patterns and functional relationships of coexpressed genes. Such screening helps to gain deeper insights into regulatory behavior and cellular responses, as will be discussed for expression data of developing barley endosperm tissue. For that purpose, high-throughput multidimensional scaling (HiT-MDS), a recent method for similarity-preserving data embedding, is substantially refined and used for (a) assessing the quality and reliability of centroid gene expression patterns, and for (b) derivation of functional relationships of coexpressed genes of endosperm tissue during barley grain development (0–26 days after flowering).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Temporal expression profiles of 4824 genes at 14 time points are faithfully embedded into two-dimensional displays. Thereby, similar shapes of coexpressed genes get closely grouped by a correlation-based similarity measure. As a main result, by using power transformation of correlation terms, a characteristic cloud of points with bipolar sandglass shape is obtained that is inherently connected to expression patterns of pre-storage, intermediate and storage phase of endosperm development.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The new HiT-MDS-2 method helps to create global views of expression patterns and to validate centroids obtained from clustering programs. Furthermore, functional gene annotation for developing endosperm barley tissue is successfully mapped to the visualization, making easy localization of major centroids of enriched functional categories possible.</p

Purification and some serological relationships of tomato spotted wilt virus isolates occurring on peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in the USA

A procedure for the purification of TSWV-Tx, a tomato spotted wilt virus isolate infecting groundnuts in Texas, is described. A rabbit antiserum was produced. Several TSWV isolates occurring on groundnuts in the USA reacted to varying extents in ELISA with antisera to TSWV-Tx and to Greek TSWV isolates, but failed to react with antiserum to an isolate of TSWV from India. In reciprocal tests, antigens of the Indian TSWV failed to react with antisera to Tx and to the Greek isolates. Purified TSWV-Tx contained 4 polypeptide species of 78 000, 54 000 and 27 000 Da. In electro-blot immunoassays, all 4 polypeptides reacted with the homologous antiserum and with antisera prepared against a Greek, a Dutch and an Australian isolate. None of the polypeptides reacted with the antiserum to the Indian isolate

Characterization of a virus from pigeonpea with affinities to species in the genus Aureusvirus, family Tombusviridae

In attempts to identify the causal agent of pigeonpea sterility mosaic disease (PSMD), which is transmitted by eriophyid mites, a virus was isolated with great difficulty from some PSMD-affected pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) plants from different locations in India. Once isolated from pigeonpea, the virus was transmitted readily by mechanical inoculation to several herbaceous species, reaching very high concentrations in some species. The virus was transmitted experimentally through soil to herbaceous test plants but not to pigeonpea. When virus particles were purified and inoculated mechanically to healthy pigeonpea, the virus induced necrosis in inoculated leaves only and did not spread systemically. Therefore, the virus is not the causal agent of PSMD. The virus has isometric particles approximately 30 nm in diameter that sediment as a single component and had a buoyant density in CsCl and Cs2SO4 of 1.34 and 1.27 g.cc-1, respectively. Purified virus particle preparations contained a single major protein of approximately 44 kDa and three RNA species of approximately 4,300, 2,700, and 1,500 nucleotides. Only the largest RNA species was infective to plants; the two smaller species were encapsidated subgenomic species of the 3′ end of the larger genomic RNA. The viral genome was sequenced and showed 93% homology to that of Pothos latent virus (PoLV), a recently described virus in the genus Aureusvirus, family Tombusviridae, and was indistinguishable from PoLV in gel double-diffusion serological tests. This virus, therefore, is regarded as a pigeonpea isolate of PoLV (PoLV-PP). In field studies in different locations in India, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction detected PoLV-PP in 10.7% of PSMD-affected and 8.1% of asymptomatic pigeonpea plants. The significance of these findings is discussed

Mathematical modeling to predict rice's phenolic and mineral content through multispectral imaging

Over half the world population relies on rice for energy, but being a carbohydrate-based crop, it offers limited nutritional benefits. To achieve nutritional security targets in Asia, we must understand the genetic variation in multi-nutritional properties with therapeutic properties and deploy this knowledge to future rice breeding. High throughput, VideometerLAB spectral imaging data has been effective in estimating total anthocyanin content, particularly bound anthocyanin content, using the high prediction power of partial least square (PLS) regression models. Multi-pronged nutritional properties of phenolic compounds and minerals, together with videometerLAB features, were utilized to develop models to classify a collection of black rice varieties into three distinct nutritional quality ideotypes. These derived models for black rice diversity panels were created utilizing videometerLAB data (L, A, B parameters), selected phenolic types (total phenolics, total anthocyanins, and bound flavonoids), and minerals (Molybdenum and Phosphorous). Random forest and artificial neural network models depicted the multi-nutritional features of black rice with 85.35 and 99.9% accuracy, respectively. These prediction algorithms would help rice breeders strategically breed nutritionally valuable genotypes based on simple, high-through-put videometerLAB readings and a small number of nutritional assays