Controlling Newcastle Disease in Village Chickens: A Field Manual

Livestock Production/Industries,

Overcoming the Dark Side : Consequences of Destructive Leadership, and the Moderating Role of Hardiness

I denne studien har jeg undersøkt om psykologisk hardførhet, en etablert personlighetskarakteristikk, kan moderere forholdet mellom destruktiv lederadferd og utmattelse, og mellom destruktiv lederadferd og jobbengasjement hos mellomledere i Forsvaret. For å undersøke dette har jeg først sett på hvordan destruktiv ledelse påvirker de ansattes grad av utmattelse og jobbengasjement. Deretter har jeg undersøkt om hardførhet påvirker disse forholdene. Konsekvensene for Forsvaret og for Forsvarets ledelsesfilosofi, oppdragsbasert ledelse, har blitt diskutert. Datagrunnlaget for undersøkelsen er samlet inn fra offiserer og sivile som har gått stabsstudiet eller har deltatt på et lederutviklingsprogram, LUPRO, ved Forsvarets Høgskole. Studien tar utgangspunkt i jobbkrav-ressursmodellen (job demands-resources model JD-R) som basis for forskningsmodellen der destruktiv ledelse brukes som et jobbkrav, hardførhet som en jobbressurs og utmattelse og jobbengasjement som utfallsvariabler. Funnene i studien indikerer at det å ha overordnede som utviser destruktiv ledelse fører til at mellomlederne både blir utmattet, og får redusert jobbengasjement. Studien viser imidlertid at for personer med høy grad av hardførhet, er disse følgene mindre enn for personer med lav hardførhet. Dette indikerer at hardførhet modererer disse relasjonene. Forholdet mellom hardførhet og destruktiv ledelse har, så vidt jeg vet, ikke blitt studert før og denne studien kan derfor være av interesse for både Forsvaret og andre som studerer destruktiv ledelse. Studien bidrar dermed også til forskning på destruktiv ledelse i Forsvaret og indikerer at hardførhet kan sees på som et verktøy, enten gjennom trening eller seleksjon, for å redusere konsekvensene av destruktive ledere, og er dermed et bidrag til hvordan man kan håndtere destruktive ledere – et fagfelt det er lite forskning på. Nøkkelord: destruktiv ledelse, destruktiv lederadferd, hardførhet, robusthet, jobbengasjement, engasjement, utmattelse, utbrenthet, jobbkrav-ressursmodellen, JD-R, oppdragsbasert ledelse, Forsvaret, militæret Summary This study has examined if psychological hardiness, an established personal characteristic, can mitigate the consequences of destructive leadership behaviour amongst mid-level leaders in the Norwegian Armed Forces. To explore this, I have examined how destructive leadership behaviour was related to exhaustion and work engagement, and the moderating role of hardiness on these relationships. The consequences for mission command, the current leadership philosophy in the Norwegian Armed Forces, have been discussed. Data for this study was collected from officers and civilians who attended staff courses and leadership development programmes at the Norwegian Defence University College. The study used the job demands-resources model as a basis for the research - where destructive leadership behaviour was used as a job demand; hardiness as a job resource; and exhaustion, and work engagement as dependent variables. Findings indicated that superiors who displayed destructive leadership behaviour caused increased exhaustion, and reduced work engagement amongst the respondents. However, the analyses showed that the individuals who scored high on hardiness were less affected by the destructive behaviour that those who scored low on hardiness. This is in line with the theory of hardiness, and indicated that hardiness moderates the relationship. The relationship between hardiness and destructive leadership behaviour has, to my knowledge, not been studied before, and this study can therefore not only be of interest to the Norwegian Armed Forces, but also for others that are researching destructive leadership behaviour. This study also added insight to recent studies on destructive leadership in the Norwegian Armed Forces. This study indicated that hardiness can be considered as a means, either through training or selection, to counter the negative outcomes of destructive leaders, and can therefore contribute to a reduction in the negative consequences of destructive leadership. Keywords: Destructive leadership behaviour, abusive supervision, toxic leadership, hardiness, engagement, exhaustion, JD-R, mission command, Norwegian Armed Forces, militar

Survival of avirulent thermostable Newcastle disease virus (strain I-2) in raw, baked, oiled, and cooked white rice at ambient temperatures

Raw white rice has not been considered a good carrier for oral vaccination, probably because of its antiviral activity. Methods are required to overcome antiviral activity in raw white rice. This study was carried out to determine the effects of various treatments of raw white rice on the survival of strain I-2 of Newcastle disease virus. These included cooking and baking the rice or mixing the rice with vegetable oil prior to coating with vaccine virus. The vaccine-coated rice was then stored for 30 min and 24 h, followed by quantitative recovery of the virus. Thirty min after mixing, uncooked, cooked, and baked rice, and rice mixed with vegetable oil showed titers of 106.2, 107.2, 106.6, and 107.0 EID50/0.1 ml, respectively. After storage for 24 h at 22-25℃, the titers dropped to 105.0, 106.5, 105.0, and 106.0 EID50/0.1 ml for uncooked, cooked, baked, and oiled rice, respectively

English faith at stake : Dracula and the “power of combination”

Since 1897, Dracula has captivated readers and confounded critics with its trademark ambiguity and synthesis of ideas that are seemingly opposed. Indeed, Bram Stoker’s most famous novel is obsessed with combination, and unites people, knowledges, faiths, identities, and bloods. Much of the scholarship directed at Dracula addresses these ideas singularly, rather than as they are depicted in the novel: in combination. Consequently, the vast field of Dracula scholarship is disunited, particularly in its response to Dracula’s portrayal of science, religion, and English national identity. Yet, all characters in the novel are presented as combinations themselves, and the success of the novel’s protagonists is achieved in combination. Specifically, the novel’s Protestants combine with their Catholic ally, and together, the group defeats the vampire with a combination of modern science and technology, and Catholic faith and sacrament. This combination is uncharacteristic of English Gothic fiction, and may be read as an attempt to reimagine English national identity at the fin de siècle.. Close attention to Dracula’s combined presentation of elements that are typically thought to be opposed reveals a novel anxious about the ability of English identity to adapt to uncertainty. Such analyses augment our understanding of a vitally important English fiction, and indeed, of Gothic fiction in the nineteenth century

Small-scale poultry and food security in resource-poor settings: A review

Small-scale poultry production systems are mostly found in rural, resource-poor areas that often also experience food insecurity. They are accessible to vulnerable groups of society, and provide households with income and nutritionally-rich food sources. However, they also improve food security in indirect ways, such as enhancing nutrient utilisation and recycling in the environment, contributing to mixed farming practices, contributing to women's empowerment, and enabling access to healthcare and education. Further, they may contribute to several of the Sustainable Development Goals, and to future food security through maintaining biodiverse genomes. In extensive small-scale poultry production systems, significant impediments to achieving these contributions are disease and predation, which can be reduced through improved agricultural and livestock extension and community animal health networks. For small-scale intensive systems, feed price fluctuations and inadequate biosecurity are major constraints

Conjunctival bacterial and fungal flora in clinically normal sheep.

ABSTRACT Objectives: The aim was to identify conjunctival bacterial and fungal flora in clinically normal sheep. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Tuscany. Participants: 100 eyes from 50 adult Massese female sheep were examined. The sheep included in the study were considered free of anterior ophthalmic abnormalities. Primary and secondary outcome measures: Bacteria were identified by morphological assessment, Gram staining, biochemical tests. Identification of filamentous fungi was achieved at the genus level, and Aspergillus species were identified based on keys provided by other authors. Yeast colonies were highlighted, but not identified. Results: Positive cultures were obtained from 100/100 eyes for bacteria, and from 86/100 eyes for fungi. A total of 14 types of bacteria and 5 types of fungi were isolated. Yeasts were isolated from 13/100 eyes. The most frequent fungal isolates were saprophytic fungi. Conclusions: Conjunctival bacterial and fungal flora of clinically normal eyes were reported in sheep. The positivity obtained for conjunctival bacteria was higher compared to findings in the literature by other authors in the same species (100 per cent v 40 per cent), while our results were in line with a recent work performed on mouflons (Ovis Musimon) with a 100 per cent positivity for bacterial conjunctival fornix. In our survey, Gram-positive species were prevalent, as reported by other authors in different species. Few data are available in the literature regarding conjunctival fungal flora in healthy small ruminants. The prevalence of conjunctival fungal flora in this study was higher than findings reported in mouflons (86 per cent v 45 per cent). Differences in fungal prevalence may be due to different methods of managing herds, though further studies are required to verify this hypothesis. The similarities in bacterial and fungal isolates between sheep and mouflons suggest a genera pattern of conjunctival colonisation by bacteria and fungi

Discovery and Genomic Characterization of Noroviruses from a Gastroenteritis Outbreak in Domestic Cats in the US

Norovirus (NoV) RNA was detected in the stools of 6 out 14 (42.8%) 8–12-week-old cats with enteritis from a feline shelter, in New York State. Upon sequence analysis of the complete capsid, the six NoVs were found to be identical, suggesting the spread of a unique NoV strain in the shelter. The full-length genomic sequence (7839 nt) of one feline NoV, CU081210E/2010/US, was determined. In the capsid protein VP1 region, the virus displayed the highest amino acid identity to animal genogroup IV genotype 2 (GIV.2) NoVs: lion/Pistoia-387/06/IT (97.9%) and dog/Bari-170/07/IT (90.4%). These findings document the discovery of a novel feline calicivirus, different from vesiviruses, and extend the spectrum of NoV host range. Epidemiological studies using feline NoV-specific diagnostic tools and experimental infection of cats are required to understand whether NoVs have a pathogenic role in this species