The great saphenous vein-an anatomical study.

The anatomical variations are more frequently encountered in the venous system particularly in the superficial veins when compared to the arterial system. The great saphenous vein is the longest vein of the body and represents pre-axial vein of lower limb. The venous anatomy is of great importance to the surgeons and sonographers. The present study included 25 lower limbs during routine dissection for undergraduate students in the Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India. We studied the great saphenous vein with reference to its formation, relation with the medial malleolus, distance from patella, level of termination and variation in its major tributaries. The findings were recorded, tabulated and photographed. Aforementioned anatomical facts including mode of termination of great saphenous vein can be important for surgeons planning intervention in this area. This vein is used as an arterial graft because of the marked anatomical remodeling. Thus, a good understanding of the typical ultrasound appearance of the great saphenous vein, its relationship to the major bony landmarks is significant

Unimodal optimization using a genetic-programming-based method with periodic boundary conditions

This article describes a new genetic-programming-based optimization method using a multi-gene approach along with a niching strategy and periodic domain constraints. The method is referred to as Niching MG-PMA, where MG refers to multi-gene and PMA to parameter mapping approach. Although it was designed to be a multimodal optimization method, recent tests have revealed its suitability for unimodal optimization. The definition of Niching MG-PMA is provided in a detailed fashion, along with an in-depth explanation of two novelties in our implementation: the feedback of initial parameters and the domain constraints using periodic boundary conditions. These ideas can be potentially useful for other optimization techniques. The method is tested on the basis of the CEC’2015 benchmark functions. Statistical analysis shows that Niching MG-PMA performs similarly to the winners of the competition even without any parametrization towards the benchmark, indicating that the method is robust and applicable to a wide range of problems

Effet de la composition de différents substrats culturaux sur quelques paramètres de croissance de Gambeya lacourtiana De Wild en pépinière au nordest du Gabon

Objectif : Les connaissances en matière de gestion des ressources phytogénétiques en zone tropicale humide sont encore limitées au regard de la variabilité biologique existante. Un programme de multiplication d'espèces forestières a été entrepris au nord-est du Gabon. La simplicité des techniques et leur faible coût ont favorisé la production de milliers de plants. Nos travaux s’intègrent dans ce projet afin d’évaluer les effets de la composition de trois substrats culturaux sur quelques paramètres de croissance de Gambeya lacourtiana De Wild (Sapotacées) en pépinière.Méthodologie et résultats : Cette expérimentation en sachets de film plastique de polyéthylène a été conduite en 2010 à Ipassa (Gabon) en conditions naturelles d’éclairement, de température et d’hygrométrie. Trois substrats culturaux S1 (30% sable + 70% terre noire), S2 (20% terre noire + 70% sciure de bois + 10% sable) et S3 (70% cendre de bois + 30% sable) ont constitué le milieu de culture. Après la préparation manuelle des substrats, les sachets remplis ont été placés suivant un dispositif en blocs complément randomisés à vingt (20) unités expérimentales. Les résultats ont montré que le substrat S1 a induit le meilleur accroissement des plants. Le substrat S3 s’est révélé nocif à la croissance des plantules. La présence de sciure de bois dans le substrat S2 s’est montrée inefficace pour la germination des graines, mais ce substrat a donné des performances acceptables sur la croissance longitudinale des plantules.Conclusion et application : L’apport de matière organique serait donc plus bénéfique pour la croissance des plantules de G. lacourtiana alors qu’un milieu composé de sable et de terre humifère reste suffisant pour la germination de semences.Mots clés : multiplication végétale, substrat cultural, paramètres de croissance, Gambeya lacourtiana, Gabon.Effects of the composition of different farming substrates on some growth parameters of Gambeya lacourtiana De Wild in seedbed in north-eastern of GabonABSTRACTObjective: Knowledge in plant resources management in tropical rainfall area is still limited because of the great biological variability existing. A program of multiplication of wild species was undertaken in the northeastern of Gabon. The simplicity of the techniques and their low costs supported the production of thousands of seedlings. Our study integrates this project with a view to evaluate the effects of the composition of three farming substrates on some growth parameters of Gambeya lacourtiana De Wild (Sapotaceae) in seedbed.Methodology and Results: This experiment in polyethylene bags took place in 2010 at Ipassa (Gabon) based on natural conditions of lightness, temperature and relative humidity. Three substrates S1 (30% sand + 70% black soil), S2 (20% black soil + 70% sawdust +10% sand) and S3 (70% wood + 30% sand) were used as culture media. After manual preparation of substrate, bags filled were placed according to a complete with twenty (20) repetitions. Results show that the substrate S1 was found to induce the best increase of planlets. The chemical composition of the S3 substrate appeared to be harmful on the growth of the plantlets. The presence of sawdust in the S2 substrate was ineffective for the germination of seeds, but this substrate gave suitable performances on the longitudinal growth of the seedlings.Conclusion and Application: Organic matter is more required for the growing of plantlets of G. lacourtiana while a substrate composed by sand and black soil is efficient for the seedlings germination.Key-words: vegetative multiplication, farming substrate, growth parameters, Gambeya lacourtiana, Gabon

Crédito Rural: Sustentabilidade E O Paradoxo Do Desenvolvimento Econômico Social Do Campo

Considering that rural credit has an important role in the modernization and operation of the field by the promotion of agricultural activities, enabling the countryside social and economic development, the objective by this article, is to demonstrate that the institute in frank evolution of an earlier priority for the operation and modernization of farming techniques and pastoral seeking a higher yield, has gone up over time to have a priority for the sustainability of the field by the creation of aid programs for family agriculture and its foundations.So even if the means are temporally disjointed, it is understood that the objectives of sustainability and social economic development of the field would possess the common goal of benefiting the farmers, however, certainly there would be a paradox between them, since the rural credit is taken as the principal by agricultural expansion in 70s, as well by the fact that Brazil is now a world power in agribusiness, which also encompass the environment degradation that has occurred since then. Considerando que o crédito rural possui um papel relevante na modernização e operacionalização do campo mediante o fomento das atividades agropecuárias, possibilitando o desenvolvimento econômico social da zona rural, objetiva-se pelo presente artigo, demonstrar que o instituto em franca evolução, de uma anterior primazia pela operacionalização e modernização das técnicas de exploração agrícola e pastoril, visando um maior rendimento, passa-se com o tempo a se ter uma primazia pela sustentabilidade do campo ante a criação dos programas de auxílio a agricultura familiar e seus fundamentos. Assim, mesmo que temporalmente desconexos, entende-se que os objetivos da sustentabilidade e do desenvolvimento econômico social do campo possuiriam o objetivo comum de beneficiar o produtor rural. Entretanto, tem-se que haveria um paradoxo entre ambos, já que o crédito rural é tomado como o principal responsável pela expansão agrícola na década de 70, bem como pelo fato do Brasil ser hoje uma potência mundial no agronegócio, o que abarcaria também a degradação do meio ambiente ocorrida desde então

Why does the probe value effect emerge in working memory? Examining the biased attentional refreshing account

People are able to prioritize more valuable information in working memory. The current study examined whether this value effect is due to the items of greater value being refreshed more than lower-value items during maintenance. To assess this possibility, we combined a probe value manipulation with a guided-refreshing procedure. Arrays of colored shapes were presented, and after a brief delay, participants reported the color of one randomly probed shape on a continuous color wheel. To manipulate probe value, one item was indicated as more valuable than the rest prior to encoding (i.e., worth more notional points), or all items were indicated as equally valuable. To guide refreshing, in some trials, two arrows were presented during maintenance, each arrow cueing the spatial location of one item. Participants were told to “think of” (i.e., refresh) the cued item. If value boosts are driven by attentional refreshing, cueing an item to be refreshed should enhance performance for items that are of low or equal value, but not items of high value, as these items would be refreshed regardless of the cue. This pattern of outcomes was observed, providing support for the hypothesis that attentional refreshing at least partially accounts for probe value effects in working memory

PROPOSTA DE UMA INTERVEN??O PEDAG?GICA NO PROJETO INTEGRADOR NO CURSO T?CNICO EM GUIA DE TURISMO SENAC MOSSOR?

Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de interven??o pedag?gica sob a perspectiva do Projeto Integrador adotado no Curso T?cnico em Guia de Turismo por meio do Modelo Pedag?gico Servi?o Nacional de Aprendizagem Comercial ? Senac. O projeto se estrutura como m?todo para a solu??o dos problemas propostos. A particularidade b?sica desse m?todo est?, portanto, na busca de solu??es a um problema como fonte de desafio e aprimoramento educacional para os participantes. A Metodologia de Projeto ? uma alternativa pedag?gica que privilegia a rela??o dial?gica e aprendizagem coletiva. Parte da concep??o de que se aprende em comunh?o, em experi?ncias e viv?ncias de constru??o colaborativa, ao assumir responsabilidades em a??es conjuntas e promover o protagonismo do discente diante de situa??es problematizadoras. A aprendizagem se faz pela experi?ncia proporcionada durante o desenvolvimento do projeto, ou seja, aprende-se problematizando, pesquisando, testando hip?teses, tomando decis?es e agindo em equipe para atingir os objetivos. A proposta trabalhar? com a turma dividida em equipes, conforme o mapeamento dos atrativos realizado na Unidade Curricular (UC1) nas regi?es tur?sticas do Rio Grande do Norte. As equipes v?o trabalhar a elabora??o de roteiros tur?sticos (INOVADORES) de 3 dias, conforme o p?blico-alvo, segmentos tur?sticos existentes nos Polos Tur?sticos do RN, conforme ?ltimo remapeamento do Minist?rio do Turismo 2022. Considerar o mercado tur?stico dos seguintes polos: Costa Branca, Vale Mar, Serrano, Sert?o para Mar, Costa das Dunas e Agreste Tra?ri. A docente sortear? ou dividir? os polos pelas equipes. Os pontos a serem considerados na elabora??o do roteiro ser?o: Tend?ncias de Mercado; Sustentabilidade do destino (Aspectos culturais, ambientais, econ?micos e sociais); Seguran?a Sanit?ria; Infraestrutura b?sica e tur?stica; Viabilidade de Execu??o da Rota. As propostas refor?ar?o a necessidade de fomentar o turismo como uma das principais atividades econ?micas do Estado do RN, sendo geradora de emprego e renda, bem como contribuir na preserva??o dos atrativos naturais e culturais das regi?es.N?O H

PROPOSTA DE UMA INTERVEN??O PEDAG?GICA NO PROJETO INTEGRADOR NO CURSO T?CNICO EM GUIA DE TURISMO SENAC MOSSOR?

Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de interven??o pedag?gica sob a perspectiva do Projeto Integrador adotado no Curso T?cnico em Guia de Turismo por meio do Modelo Pedag?gico Servi?o Nacional de Aprendizagem Comercial ? Senac. O projeto se estrutura como m?todo para a solu??o dos problemas propostos. A particularidade b?sica desse m?todo est?, portanto, na busca de solu??es a um problema como fonte de desafio e aprimoramento educacional para os participantes. A Metodologia de Projeto ? uma alternativa pedag?gica que privilegia a rela??o dial?gica e aprendizagem coletiva. Parte da concep??o de que se aprende em comunh?o, em experi?ncias e viv?ncias de constru??o colaborativa, ao assumir responsabilidades em a??es conjuntas e promover o protagonismo do discente diante de situa??es problematizadoras. A aprendizagem se faz pela experi?ncia proporcionada durante o desenvolvimento do projeto, ou seja, aprende-se problematizando, pesquisando, testando hip?teses, tomando decis?es e agindo em equipe para atingir os objetivos. A proposta trabalhar? com a turma dividida em equipes, conforme o mapeamento dos atrativos realizado na Unidade Curricular (UC1) nas regi?es tur?sticas do Rio Grande do Norte. As equipes v?o trabalhar a elabora??o de roteiros tur?sticos (INOVADORES) de 3 dias, conforme o p?blico-alvo, segmentos tur?sticos existentes nos Polos Tur?sticos do RN, conforme ?ltimo remapeamento do Minist?rio do Turismo 2022. Considerar o mercado tur?stico dos seguintes polos: Costa Branca, Vale Mar, Serrano, Sert?o para Mar, Costa das Dunas e Agreste Tra?ri. A docente sortear? ou dividir? os polos pelas equipes. Os pontos a serem considerados na elabora??o do roteiro ser?o: Tend?ncias de Mercado; Sustentabilidade do destino (Aspectos culturais, ambientais, econ?micos e sociais); Seguran?a Sanit?ria; Infraestrutura b?sica e tur?stica; Viabilidade de Execu??o da Rota. As propostas refor?ar?o a necessidade de fomentar o turismo como uma das principais atividades econ?micas do Estado do RN, sendo geradora de emprego e renda, bem como contribuir na preserva??o dos atrativos naturais e culturais das regi?es.n?o h

The Vicinity of the Galactic Supergiant B[e] Star CPD-57\deg2874 from Near- and Mid-IR Long Baseline Spectro-Interferometry with the VLTI (AMBER and MIDI)

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from ASP via the link in this record.We present the first spectro-interferometric observations of the circumstellar envelope (CSE) of a B[e] supergiant (CPD−57°2874), performed with the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) using the beam-combiner instruments AMBER (near-IR interferometry with three 8.3 m Unit Telescopes or UTs) and MIDI (mid-IR interferometry with two UTs). Our observations of the CSE are well fitted by an elliptical Gaussian model with FWHM diameters varying linearly with wavelength. Typical diameters measured are ≅ 1.8 × 3.4 mas or ≅ 4.5×8.5 AU (adopting a distance of 2.5 kpc) at 2.2 μm, and ≅ 12×15 mas or ≅ 30 × 38 AU at 12 μm. We show that a spherical dust model reproduces the SED but it underestimates the MIDI visibilities, suggesting that a dense equatorial disk is required to account for the compact dust-emitting region observed. Moreover, the derived major-axis position angle in the mid-IR (≅ 144°) agrees well with previous polarimetric data, hinting that the hot-dust emission originates in a disk-like structure. Our results support the non-spherical CSE paradigm for B[e] supergiants

Identification and characterization of PhbF: A DNA binding protein with regulatory role in the PHB metabolism of Herbaspirillum seropedicae SmR1

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Herbaspirillum seropedicae </it>SmR1 is a nitrogen fixing endophyte associated with important agricultural crops. It produces polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) which is stored intracellularly as granules. However, PHB metabolism and regulatory control is not yet well studied in this organism.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In this work we describe the characterization of the PhbF protein from <it>H. seropedicae </it>SmR1 which was purified and characterized after expression in <it>E. coli</it>. The purified PhbF protein was able to bind to eleven putative promoters of genes involved in PHB metabolism in <it>H. seropedicae </it>SmR1. <it>In silico </it>analyses indicated a probable DNA-binding sequence which was shown to be protected in DNA footprinting assays using purified PhbF. Analyses using <it>lacZ </it>fusions showed that PhbF can act as a repressor protein controlling the expression of PHB metabolism-related genes.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our results indicate that <it>H. seropedicae </it>SmR1 PhbF regulates expression of <it>phb</it>-related genes by acting as a transcriptional repressor. The knowledge of the PHB metabolism of this plant-associated bacterium may contribute to the understanding of the plant-colonizing process and the organism's resistance and survival <it>in planta</it>.</p