SITUAÇÃO ATUAL DA MANCHA AQUOSA, IMPORTANTE BACTERIOSE EM MELOEIRO E MELANCIEIRA

A mancha aquosa,causada por Acidovorax citrulli, é uma doença de grande impacto mundial para as culturas da melancieira e do meloeiro, devido ao seu potencial destrutivo, sendo de importância econômica para o Brasil na cultura do meloeiro. Nos últimos anos, a doença foi detectada em vários países do mundo, principalmente pela distribuição inadvertida de sementes comerciais contaminadas, tornando A. citrulli uma praga quarentenária para alguns desses países. A doença ocorre em todos os estágios de desenvolvimento da planta, tendo como dano principal os sintomas nos frutos. A utilização de técnicas genômicas e de bioinformática tem ajudado a entender diversos aspectos da interação A. citrulli e cucurbitáceas, principalmente na compreensão dos mecanismos de patogênese. Esta revisão aborda o status atual das pesquisas com essa fitobacteriose, envolvendo importância, ocorrência e distribuição, taxonomia, diversidade, mecanismos de patogênese, sintomatologia, gama de hospedeiras, sobrevivência, disseminação, penetração, epidemiologia e manejo

Effects of Myroxylon peruiferum L. f. organic extracts in planktonic growth and Ralstonia solanacearum biofilm formation

Ralstonia solanacearum, a causal agent of bacterial wilt, a disease with significant negative impacts on world agriculture, presents considerable difficulties in handling due to its resistance to the common forms of control. Based on this context, the objective of this work was to investigate alternative substances for biofilm control and planktonic growth of this phytopathogen. Four organic extracts in the eluotropic series (cyclohexane, chloroform, athyl acetate, and methanol) of Myroxylon peruiferum collected in the Caatinga were evaluated for antibiofilm and antibacterial activity using the crystal violet method and antibacterial activity in microplates, considering positive values greater than 50% inhibition. The organic extracts were evaluated qualitatively by thin layer chromatography. Results obtained showed that antibiofilm activity was detected in the cyclohexanic extract, whereas ethyl acetate extract showed antibiotic activity, both in the minimum inhibitory concentration of 3 mg/mL. The evaluation presented in this study provides a database for the development of new natural phytopathogen control agents

Symbolic Losses and the People Affected By the Construction of Dams: the Case Study of the Estreito Hydroelectric Power Plant, Brazil

Dentre as atividades econômicas em desenvolvimento no Brasil, está a construção de usinas hidrelétricas. A crescente expansão do setor elétrico vem acarretando perdas irreversíveis para as populações impactadas, em razão do seu deslocamento compulsório e consequente ruptura com o seu espaço de construção simbólica. Tendo em vista o horizonte de crescimento do setor elétrico no país, este trabalho buscou analisar como o processo de negociação das perdas simbólicas sofridas pelos atingidos por barragens vem sendo conduzido, tendo sido os dados obtidos a partir de análise documental, seguida da realização de entrevistas com os impactados pela Usina Hidrelétrica de Estreito, situada no médio Rio Tocantins, entre os Estados do Maranhão e Tocantins. Esta pesquisa evidenciou a necessidade de buscarmos mecanismos que contemplem os valores simbólicos desses atingidos, priorizando a continuidade da vida que não prima pela lógica do mercado e sim pela vivência com dignidade humana.Among the economic activities under development in Brazil it is the construction of hydroelectric power plants. The increasing expansion of the Brazilian electrical sector has been causing irreversible losses to impacted populations, due to their forced displacement, and consequent rupture with their symbolic construction space. In view of the growth horizon of the electricity sector in the country, this study sought to analyze how the negotiation process of the symbolic losses suffered by affected people has been conducted. The data were obtained from the analysis of documents followed by conducting interviews with those impacted by Estreito Power Plant, located in the middle Tocantins River between the States of Maranhão and Tocantins. This research highlighted the need to seek mechanisms that behold the symbolic values of people affected by dams, prioritizing the continuity of life that does not prize the logic of the market, but by living with dignity

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Variabilidade de Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli e epidemiologia da mancha-aquosa do melão

Foi estudada a variabilidade de 20 isolados de Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli quanto aos componentes da mancha-aquosa do melão e reação de hipersensibilidade, e analisada a transmissão da bactéria pelas sementes dos frutos inoculados. Foi também avaliada a influência da duração (0, 6, 24 e 48 horas) e início do período de molhamento foliar (0, 6, 24 e 48 horas após a inoculação), bem como da concentração de inóculo de A. avenae subsp. citrulli (3,4 x 101 a 3,4 x 107 UFC mL-1) na severidade da mancha-aquosa em meloeiro. A influência da temperatura (15, 20, 25, 30, 35 e 40° C), da umidade (0 e 6 horas de câmara úmida), da concentração de inóculo ( 3,4 x 101 a 3,4 x 107 UFC mL-1) e da idade do fruto (40, 50, 60 e 70 dias) no desenvolvimento da mancha-aquosa em melão, foram ainda verificadas. Sementes, plantas e frutos foram inoculados pelos métodos de infiltração a vácuo, pulverização e injeção subepidérmica, respectivamente. Plântulas e plantas foram avaliadas quanto ao período de incubação,índice de doença, área abaixo da curva do progresso da doença e taxa de progresso da doença, e os frutos, quanto ao período de incubação, diâmetro da lesão externa e profundidade da lesão. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos a testes de comparação de médias, testes de agrupamento ou análises de regressão. A análise da distância Euclidiana por ligações simples, confirmou a variabilidade entre os isolados de A. avenae subsp. citrulli, permitindo a separação destes em quatro grupos de similaridade. A transmissão da bactéria por sementes variou de 30 a 64 % e todos os isolados induziram reação de hipersensibilidade em folhas de fumo e tomate. As equações de regressão para as variáveis analisadas em meloeiros foram melhor ajustadas pelos modelos quadrático ou logarítmico. O período de incubação variou de 1,3 a 2,7 dias, emaior nas plantas sem molhamento foliar, contudo o índice de doença e a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença aumentaram com o incremento da duração do molhamento foliar. O início do período de molhamento foliar às 48 horas após a inoculação elevou o período de incubação e a taxa de progresso da doença em relação aos demais períodos. O incremento da concentração de inóculo elevou a taxa de progresso da doença, índice de doença e área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença, os quais atingiram valores máximos de 4,4 unidades de infecção/dia, 73,7 % e 18,9, respectivamente, na concentração 3,4 x 107 UFC mL-1. A temperatura e umidade influenciaram significativamente a severidade da mancha-aquosa nos frutos, embora o período de incubação não tenha sido afetado. As maiores lesões externas foram observadas em frutos incubados a 35 e 30 ° C sem câmara úmida, e a 30° C em câmaraúmida por seis horas. Com relação à profundidade, as lesões nos frutos incubados sem câmara úmida foram maiores às temperaturas de 25 e 30° C. Em câmara úmida, as lesões a 30° C foram maiores que as demais. Não foi observado desenvolvimento da mancha-aquosa em frutos incubados a 15 e 20° C. A umidade influenciou significativamente (P=0,05) o diâmetro e profundidade da lesão, exceto às temperaturas de 35 e 25° C, respectivamente. O diâmetro e profundidade das lesões aumentaram com a elevação da concentração de inóculo e foram reduzidos com o aumento da idade do fruto. Na concentração 3,4 x 101 UFC mL-1 não foi observada a presença de sintomas da doença na casca e na polpThe variability of 20 Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli isolates in relation to melon fruit blotch components, hypersensitive reaction, and the bacterial transmission by seeds from inoculated fruits were studied. The influence of duration (0, 6, 24 and 48 h), the onset of leaf wetness period (0, 6, 24 and 48 h after inoculation), and inoculum concentration of A. avenae subsp. citrulli (3.4 x 101 to 3.4 x 107 CFU mL-1) on severity of fruit blotch in melon plants were also evaluated. The effects of temperature (15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40° C), humidity (0 and 6 h of moist chamber), inoculum concentration (3.4 x 101 to 3.4 x 107 CFU mL-1) and fruit age (40, 50, 60 and 70 days) on the development of melon fruit blotch were also verified. Seeds, plants and fruits were inoculated through vacuum infiltration, atomization and sub-epidermal injection, respectively. Seedlings and plants were assessed in relation to incubation period, diseaseindex, area under disease progress curve and disease progress rate; incubation period, diameter of external lesion and lesion depth were assessed on the fruits. The data were submitted to mean comparison tests, clustering tests or regression analysis. The Euclidian distance–single linkage confirmed the variability among the A. avenae subsp. citrulli strains allowing their separation in four similarity groups. Seed transmission ranged from 30 to 64 % and all strains induced hypersensitive reaction on tobacco and tomato leaves. The regression equations for the analyzed variables in melon plants were better adjusted by the quadratic or logarithmic models. The incubation period ranged from 1.3 to 2.7 days and was higher in plants without leaf wetness, although the disease index and area under disease progress curve increased as the duration of leaf wetness increased. The beginning of the leaf wetness period at 48 h after inoculation elevatedthe incubation period and disease progress rate in relation to the other periods. The disease progress rate, disease index and area under disease progress curve increased as the inoculum concentration increases, reaching maximum values of 4.4 infection units/day, 73.7 % and 18.9 at 3.4 x 107 UFC mL-1, respectively, at 3.4 x 101 CFU mL-1. The temperature and humidity influenced significantly (P=0,05) the severity of melon fruit blotch, however, the incubation period was not affected. The larger external lesions were observed in the fruits incubated at 35 and 30° C without moist chamber, and at 30° C in moist chamber for six h. In relation to lesion depth, those lesions in fruits incubated without moist chamber were deeper at 25 and 30° C. However, with moist chamber the lesions at 30° C were deeper than the others. No disease symptoms were observed onfruits incubated at 15 and 20° C. The humidity significantly (P=0,05) influenced the development of external lesions and lesions depth at 35 and 25° C, respectively. The diameter and depth of lesions increased as the inoculum concentration was higher and were reduced as the fruit age increased. No external or internal lesions were detected on fruits with 60 and 70 days inoculated with the pathogen at 3.4 x 101 CFU mL-1

Survival of Acidovorax citrulli in infected melon tissues and in different edafoclimatic conditions

Abstract The survival of Acidovorax citrulli Aac1Rif was accessed in infected melon tissues (fruits and leaves) incorporated to the soil at 0, 5, 10 and 15 cm depth, in seven different types of soil, at temperatures 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 ºC and moisture field capacity of 50 and 100% in the absence of the host plant. Aac1Rif was detected in melon tissues at 0, 5 and 10 cm until 21 days and at 15 cm until 14 days. The highest and lowest relative extinction rate of the population (RERP) for Aac1Rif occurred respectively in fruit tissues and leaf tissues at depths of 0 and 5 cm. Aac1Rif survived in seven types of soil only for three days. The lowest RERP occurred at 10 or 15 ºC and the highest at 30 or 35 ºC. Greater concentrations of Na+, silt, and greater populations of actinomycetes and Trichoderma were correlated with highest RERP of the Aac1Rif in the soil. There was significant difference between RERP at 100% and 50% of field capacity. The soil was not considered potential primary source of A. citrulli inoculum. Infected melon fruits and leaves in soil were considered as such sources, at least for 21 days

Essential plant oils in reducing the intensity of soft rot in Chinese cabbage

The action of essential oils in reducing soft rot in Chinese cabbage, and their influence on the colorimetry and physicochemical characteristics of the vegetable were evaluated. In the greenhouse, plants of the cultivar Natsume were sprayed with 11 oils selected in preliminary tests for phytotoxicity: bergamot, lemongrass, copaiba, Eucalyptus citriodora, blue gum, fennel, ginger, spearmint, sweet orange, lemon and clary sage (0.5%) and also the antibiotic Mycoshield® (3 g L-1). After 72 hours the plants were inoculated with Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc-c). The oils and the Mycoshield® significantly reduced (P<0.05) the severity (SEV) and the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). The oils of bergamot, copaiba, E. citriodora, spearmint and sweet orange were then tested for the stability of their effectiveness in the control of three isolates of P. carotovora subsp. carotovorum. These oils reduced the SEV (30.5 to 38.6%) and the AUDPC (23.1 to 26.6%) with no differences between them or the Mycoshield® (SEV 45.2 and AUDPC 32.8%), except for the copaiba (20.3%) which was less effective than the antibiotic in the reduction of the AUDPC. In vitro, only Mycoshield® inhibited the pathogen. None of the treatments altered the colorimetry, levels of ascorbic acid or pH of the leaves of the Chinese cabbage. The spearmint oil increased the total titratable acidity in the same way as the oils of sweet orange, E. citriodora and bergamot increased the total soluble solids. Therefore, spraying with the oils of bergamot, copaiba, E. citriodora, spearmint and sweet orange has potential in the control of this disease