Les morts protestants à l’époque moderne : entre invisibilité et persistance

Au cours du XVIe siècle, le culte réformé connaît un essor qui va engendrer un certain nombre d’affrontements avec les catholiques. Les divergences vont se cristalliser, notamment autour des morts, de leur place, et plus globalement de la vision eschatologique des deux religions. Cela va entraîner de nombreux bouleversements dans la manière de concevoir et de gérer le rapport à la mort de la communauté huguenote. Considérés comme hérétiques car refusant toute superstition catholique, les prot..

The growth of the buccal mass in Sepia officinalis: functional changes throughout ontogeny

Due to their small size, juveniles are more likely to show lower absolute levels of performance leading to a potential competitive disadvantage compared to adults. Therefore, juveniles are expected to compensate by showing a higher relative performance, and/or partitioning resources to overcome this performance disadvantage. Here, we investigate the link between ontogeny and feeding performance in the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. We explore the changes in beak shape, wear pattern, mechanical properties, muscular anatomy, and bite force during growth from 3-month post hatching to adults. We show that both upper and lower beaks present important ontogenetic shape variation in the rostrum area that might be due to wear induced by feeding. The mechanical properties of the beaks in juveniles indicate greater resistance compared to adults. Tanning observed on the beaks provides reinforcement to areas under high load during biting. In addition, muscle development and relative bite force were found to differ between cuttlefish of different ages, resulting in juveniles having a similar bite force for their size but with a muscular advantage for opening. Finally, an isometric relation is found in the bite force of S. officinalis, with no sign of feeding performance compensation in juveniles. Feeding performance thus does not reflect the ontogenetic shift from a crustacean-based diet in juveniles to a fish-based diet in adults

Comparative anatomy and functional implications of variation in the buccal mass in coleoid cephalopods

In contrast to the well-studied articulated vertebrate jaws, the structure and function of cephalopod jaws remains poorly known. Cephalopod jaws are unique as the two jaw elements do not contact one another, are embedded in a muscular mass and connected through a muscle joint. Previous studies have described the anatomy of the buccal mass muscles in cephalopods and have proposed variation in muscle volume depending on beak shape. However, the general structure of the muscles has been suggested to be similar in octopuses, squids, and cuttlefish. Here we provide a quantitative analysis of the variation in the buccal mass of coleoids using traditional dissections, histological sections and contrast-enhanced computed tomography scans. Our results show that the buccal mass is composed of four main homologous muscles present in both decapodiforms and octopodiforms as suggested previously. However, we also report the presence of a muscle uniquely present in octopodiforms (the postero-lateral mandibular muscle). Our three dimensional reconstructions and quantitative analyses of the buccal mass muscles pave the way for future functional analyses allowing to better model jaw closing in coleoids. Finally, our results suggest differences in beak and muscle function that need to be validated using future in vivo functional analyses

Mourir sur le champ de bataille en 1814. Identité, statut social, traitement des corps après la bataille d’Orthez

En 2017, la découverte d’une vaste fosse contenant 26 soldats morts au cours de la bataille d’Orthez le 27 février 1814 fut l’occasion de mener une recherche interdisciplinaire dont l’une des problématiques est l’identification de ces individus. Cette recherche est conduite en confrontant les données archéologiques (mobilier porté par les défunts), historiques (registres des régiments), anthropologiques (données biologiques) et biochimiques (paléogénomiques et isotopiques) et va bien au-delà..

Une nouvelle sépulture mésolithique

En 2010, un diagnostic archéologique au lieu-dit « Les pièces de Monsieur Jarnac » sur la commune de Bourg Charente en Charente a permis la découverte d’une sépulture mésolithique. Une description préliminaire de la sépulture, fouillée selon les méthodes de l’Anthropologie de terrain montre que le défunt est un adulte de sexe indéterminé. Aucune trace ou lésion susceptible d’expliquer le décès n’a été mise en évidence. Il avait été déposé dans une fosse et le squelette en position fléchie, était orienté nord-sud, tête au sud. Un petit bloc de calcarénite et deux éclats de silex découverts sous le crâne constituaient le seul témoignage d’un mobilier funéraire. Aucune trace d’ocre n’a été observée. Une datation C14 en SMA réalisée sur un fragment de crâne a donné un âge conventionnel de 9330 ± 50 BP (Beta 283143) qui correspond au Mésolithique ancien. Elle indique que cette sépulture est l’une des plus anciennes sépultures trouvées en France

The significance of cephalopod beaks as a research tool: An update

The use of cephalopod beaks in ecological and population dynamics studies has allowed major advances of our knowledge on the role of cephalopods in marine ecosystems in the last 60 years. Since the 1960's, with the pioneering research by Malcolm Clarke and colleagues, cephalopod beaks (also named jaws or mandibles) have been described to species level and their measurements have been shown to be related to cephalopod body size and mass, which permitted important information to be obtained on numerous biological and ecological aspects of cephalopods in marine ecosystems. In the last decade, a range of new techniques has been applied to cephalopod beaks, permitting new kinds of insight into cephalopod biology and ecology. The workshop on cephalopod beaks of the Cephalopod International Advisory Council Conference (Sesimbra, Portugal) in 2022 aimed to review the most recent scientific developments in this field and to identify future challenges, particularly in relation to taxonomy, age, growth, chemical composition (i.e., DNA, proteomics, stable isotopes, trace elements) and physical (i.e., structural) analyses. In terms of taxonomy, new techniques (e.g., 3D geometric morphometrics) for identifying cephalopods from their beaks are being developed with promising results, although the need for experts and reference collections of cephalopod beaks will continue. The use of beak microstructure for age and growth studies has been validated. Stable isotope analyses on beaks have proven to be an excellent technique to get valuable information on the ecology of cephalopods (namely habitat and trophic position). Trace element analyses is also possible using beaks, where concentrations are significantly lower than in other tissues (e.g., muscle, digestive gland, gills). Extracting DNA from beaks was only possible in one study so far. Protein analyses can also be made using cephalopod beaks. Future challenges in research using cephalopod beaks are also discussed.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Archeohandi: protocol for a national disabilities database in archaeology in France

The archaeology of disability is a relatively recent and little-known approach in France. While the study of palaeopathology now goes hand in hand with funerary archaeology and osteoarchaeology, the French study of disabilities and disabling pathologies remains marginal and unevenly treated, depending on location, chronology and researcher’s interest. This paper focuses on highlighting the compatibility between this new research area, the obligations of osteoarchaeology, and the benefits of developing a national, diachronic, and interdisciplinary study. A database is designed within an interpretive, consensual framework, that can be adapted to overcome limitations and promote open-minded research on the care of the disabled in their own communities. A preliminary category selection of disabling pathologies has been made. These are trepanation, completely edentulous and/or compensating denture, neuronal impairment, severe scoliosis, Paget's disease, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH), rickets, dwarfism, infectious diseases, unreduced fracture, amputation, severe degenerative disease and others. This list has been critically reviewed by experts in the field; it will evolve in a somewhat Darwinian fashion. Our database is hosted on the Huma-Num platform, with a management interface and quick access based on multiple tabs. The data includes information about archaeological operations, subjects, and pathologies; it is complemented by pictorial data stored on the Nakala platform. The development involved creating a prototype using HTML, CSS, JavaScript, SQL, and PHP, with features to display, add, modify, and delete operations and subjects. Enhancements have been made, including search optimization, charts, and the ability to export data in CSV format. The database, whose administrative interface can be accessed at archeohandi.huma-num.fr, contains so far 211 existing operations with a total of 1232 registered subjects spread throughout metropolitan France. These initial data reveal numerous research perspectives in osteoarchaeology that can be combined with other research topics, such as virtual reality

The significance of cephalopod beaks as a research tool: An update

The use of cephalopod beaks in ecological and population dynamics studies has allowed major advances of our knowledge on the role of cephalopods in marine ecosystems in the last 60 years. Since the 1960’s, with the pioneering research by Malcolm Clarke and colleagues, cephalopod beaks (also named jaws or mandibles) have been described to species level and their measurements have been shown to be related to cephalopod body size and mass, which permitted important information to be obtained on numerous biological and ecological aspects of cephalopods in marine ecosystems. In the last decade, a range of new techniques has been applied to cephalopod beaks, permitting new kinds of insight into cephalopod biology and ecology. The workshop on cephalopod beaks of the Cephalopod International Advisory Council Conference (Sesimbra, Portugal) in 2022 aimed to review the most recent scientific developments in this field and to identify future challenges, particularly in relation to taxonomy, age, growth, chemical composition (i.e., DNA, proteomics, stable isotopes, trace elements) and physical (i.e., structural) analyses. In terms of taxonomy, new techniques (e.g., 3D geometric morphometrics) for identifying cephalopods from their beaks are being developed with promising results, although the need for experts and reference collections of cephalopod beaks will continue. The use of beak microstructure for age and growth studies has been validated. Stable isotope analyses on beaks have proven to be an excellent technique to get valuable information on the ecology of cephalopods (namely habitat and trophic position). Trace element analyses is also possible using beaks, where concentrations are significantly lower than in other tissues (e.g., muscle, digestive gland, gills). Extracting DNA from beaks was only possible in one study so far. Protein analyses can also be made using cephalopod beaks. Future challenges in research using cephalopod beaks are also discussed

Une inhumation du Bronze final II à Périgny (Charente-Maritime) »

National audienc

Dax (40), rue Pascal Lafitte : rapport de diagnostic

L’intervention a porté sur une surface de 6,5 hectares, donnant l’occasion de vérifier l’hypothèse d’une extension d’un site pressenti lors d’un diagnostic en 2007. Le même type de structures artisanales (fosses, grands fossés, trous de poteau) y apparaît logiquement, sans que l’on puisse désigner un véritable habitat structuré. Cette occupation, peut-être indirectement liée à l’exploitation du sel est datable de la fin Ier-début du IIe siècle après J.C compte-tenu de la présence d’un type céramique récurrent dans ce type d’occupation. Une autre occupation, topographiquement plus réduite et mieux circonscrite dans la partie médiane du site, correspondrait à une aire de dépôts d’incinérations du deuxième âge du Fer. Nous voudrions souligner le caractère exceptionnel de cette découverte pour cette période en Aquitaine, où l’on a recensé jusqu’à aujourd’hui très peu d’incinérations