Impact of agricultural practices on veterinary pharmaceutical occurrence in superficial waters

International audienceDiffuse contamination of surface water by veterinary pharmaceuticals (VP) has been poorly studied in intensive breeding context. Recycling animal waste on soil is supported to fertilize crops and reduce utilization of mineral fertilizer but may have some environmental impact by recycling pollutants on soils and transferring pollutants from soils to rivers. Most of pharmaceuticals are consumed indifferently by human and animal, especially antibiotics. This study aims to quantify veterinary pharmaceuticals (VP) in superficial water in two agricultural catchments. One is dedicated to the production of drinkable water. Agriculture but also waste water treatment plant may contribute to the contamination of water and it is difficult to distinguish animal versus human source of contamination

Co-occurrence of veterinary antibiotics and fecal source markers in Brittany superficial waters: an experimental study

International audienceBackground and objectivesAfter absorption by human or animals, pharmaceuticals compounds are excreted either in their free, conjugated or metabolized form in soil and water. The dissemination of those compounds through water resources can lead to antibiotic resistance and could have health effects on living organisms. Numerous studies attest the contamination of various aquatic environments by pharmaceutical compounds, including water resources. The two major contaminations sources are : i) the localized release by industrial and municipal wastewater treatment plants ; ii) non-point dispersion through soil amendment using animal manure or release from animal pastures or by individual septic tanks (Sarmah et al. 2006 ; Ruhoya et Daughton, 2008). Prerequisite of any assessment of the health risks induced by these emerging contaminants requires identification of the contamination sources, close quantification of the input to the water environmental compartment, while developing knowledge on the chemical speciation and fate of the residues once released in the environment. Some residues found in waters may have a mixed origin (human and animal), such as some hormones or antibiotics that can be used indifferently (Kemper, 2008). Identification of the source relies then on co-tracers specifics to humans or animals (Murata et al., 2011). This is particularly important in area of intensive livestock activities such as Brittany, region in the North-West part of France, with mixed watershed. We propose to evaluate by experimentation in laboratory the co-persistence of veterinary pharmaceuticals and fecal markers (fecal stanols) in water from agricultural watershed. Fecal stanols associated with usual bacterial indicators of fecal contamination are microbial source tracking markers used to distinguish among human, bovine and porcine fecal contamination in water (Jardé et al., 2007 ; Gourmelon et al., 2010 ; Jeanneau et al., 2011 ; Derrien et al., 2012).Methods and resultsExperimental study has been carried out at the laboratory scale to evaluate the persistence of veterinary antibiotics and fecal indicators and markers (E.coli and fecal stanols) during 21 days. Microcosms of freshwater have been inoculated with pig slurry contaminated by sulfadiazine, sulfamethazine and oxytetracycline. The microcosms were maintained under aerobic conditions with constant mixing and at constant temperature (20°C ± 1 °C). These experiments were conducted in darkness to avoid heterogeneous lighting due to the turbidity of the system. Antibiotics concentration, E.coli and fecal stanols were quantified in microcosms at the starting day and on days 1, 2, 3, 8, 15 and 21.Discussion and conclusionDecay rates and the length of time to obtain a reduction of 50% of the initial inoculums (T1/2) were calculated for E.coli, fecal stanols and antibiotics in the microcosms inoculated with pig slurry. T1/2 was lower for E.coli (1.2 days) than for fecal stanols (between 3.4 to 4.6 days depending on the stanol) and antibiotics (between 2.2 days for oxytetracycline to 7 days for sulfamides). Among antibiotics, the persistence of oxytetracycline is similar to that of fecal stanols and lower than persistence of sulfamides. These differences might be linked to different sorption properties of tetracycline and sulfamides. Fecal stanols seem to co-occur with tetracycline in water samples and might be useful to track sources of pharmaceuticals contamination at the watershed scale. al., 2007 ; Gourmelon et al., 2010 ; Jeanneau et al., 2011 ; Derrien et al., 2012)

Co-occurrence of veterinary antibiotics and fecal source markers in Brittany superficial waters: an experimental study

International audienceBackground and objectivesAfter absorption by human or animals, pharmaceuticals compounds are excreted either in their free, conjugated or metabolized form in soil and water. The dissemination of those compounds through water resources can lead to antibiotic resistance and could have health effects on living organisms. Numerous studies attest the contamination of various aquatic environments by pharmaceutical compounds, including water resources. The two major contaminations sources are : i) the localized release by industrial and municipal wastewater treatment plants ; ii) non-point dispersion through soil amendment using animal manure or release from animal pastures or by individual septic tanks (Sarmah et al. 2006 ; Ruhoya et Daughton, 2008). Prerequisite of any assessment of the health risks induced by these emerging contaminants requires identification of the contamination sources, close quantification of the input to the water environmental compartment, while developing knowledge on the chemical speciation and fate of the residues once released in the environment. Some residues found in waters may have a mixed origin (human and animal), such as some hormones or antibiotics that can be used indifferently (Kemper, 2008). Identification of the source relies then on co-tracers specifics to humans or animals (Murata et al., 2011). This is particularly important in area of intensive livestock activities such as Brittany, region in the North-West part of France, with mixed watershed. We propose to evaluate by experimentation in laboratory the co-persistence of veterinary pharmaceuticals and fecal markers (fecal stanols) in water from agricultural watershed. Fecal stanols associated with usual bacterial indicators of fecal contamination are microbial source tracking markers used to distinguish among human, bovine and porcine fecal contamination in water (Jardé et al., 2007 ; Gourmelon et al., 2010 ; Jeanneau et al., 2011 ; Derrien et al., 2012).Methods and resultsExperimental study has been carried out at the laboratory scale to evaluate the persistence of veterinary antibiotics and fecal indicators and markers (E.coli and fecal stanols) during 21 days. Microcosms of freshwater have been inoculated with pig slurry contaminated by sulfadiazine, sulfamethazine and oxytetracycline. The microcosms were maintained under aerobic conditions with constant mixing and at constant temperature (20°C ± 1 °C). These experiments were conducted in darkness to avoid heterogeneous lighting due to the turbidity of the system. Antibiotics concentration, E.coli and fecal stanols were quantified in microcosms at the starting day and on days 1, 2, 3, 8, 15 and 21.Discussion and conclusionDecay rates and the length of time to obtain a reduction of 50% of the initial inoculums (T1/2) were calculated for E.coli, fecal stanols and antibiotics in the microcosms inoculated with pig slurry. T1/2 was lower for E.coli (1.2 days) than for fecal stanols (between 3.4 to 4.6 days depending on the stanol) and antibiotics (between 2.2 days for oxytetracycline to 7 days for sulfamides). Among antibiotics, the persistence of oxytetracycline is similar to that of fecal stanols and lower than persistence of sulfamides. These differences might be linked to different sorption properties of tetracycline and sulfamides. Fecal stanols seem to co-occur with tetracycline in water samples and might be useful to track sources of pharmaceuticals contamination at the watershed scale. al., 2007 ; Gourmelon et al., 2010 ; Jeanneau et al., 2011 ; Derrien et al., 2012)

Table1_What underlies sex differences in heart failure onset within the first year after a first myocardial infarction?.docx

BackgroundWomen are more likely to develop heart failure (HF) after myocardial infarction. However, diagnosis and reperfusion are often delayed.ObjectivesTo compare the prevalence of HF after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI)-treated ST segment myocardial infarction (STEMI) between sexes and to study its associations with comorbidities, infarct size, and left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic dysfunctions (DD).MethodsThe patients with PPCI-treated anterior STEMI, from the CIRCUS study cohort, were followed up for 1 year and HF events were recorded. Evaluation of ejection fraction (LVEF) and DD were performed at baseline and at 1 year. The elevated LV filling pressure (LVFP) included Grades 2 and 3 DD.ResultsOf the 791 patients from the CIRCUS study, 135 were women. At 1 year, the proportion of patients who developed HF was 21% among men and 34% among women (p = 0.001). In the subset of 407 patients with available diastolic parameters, the rate of HF was also higher in women. HF during the initial hospitalization was comparable between the sexes. However, women had a higher incidence of rehospitalization for HF within the first year after STEMI (14.1% vs. 4.1%, p = 0.005). Women were older with a higher prevalence of hypertension. The infarct size and LVEF were similar between the sexes. Elevated LVFP was observed more frequently in women than in men during the initial hospitalization and at 1 year (26% vs. 12%, p = 0.04, and 22% vs. 12%, p = 0.006, respectively). Interestingly, only initial elevated LVFP (HR 5.9, 95% CI: 2.4–14.5, p ConclusionsAfter PPCI-treated anterior STEMI, despite comparable infarct size and LVEF, women presented a higher proportion of rehospitalization for HF than men. That was likely due to a greater DD associated with older age and hypertension.</p

Table4_What underlies sex differences in heart failure onset within the first year after a first myocardial infarction?.docx

BackgroundWomen are more likely to develop heart failure (HF) after myocardial infarction. However, diagnosis and reperfusion are often delayed.ObjectivesTo compare the prevalence of HF after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI)-treated ST segment myocardial infarction (STEMI) between sexes and to study its associations with comorbidities, infarct size, and left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic dysfunctions (DD).MethodsThe patients with PPCI-treated anterior STEMI, from the CIRCUS study cohort, were followed up for 1 year and HF events were recorded. Evaluation of ejection fraction (LVEF) and DD were performed at baseline and at 1 year. The elevated LV filling pressure (LVFP) included Grades 2 and 3 DD.ResultsOf the 791 patients from the CIRCUS study, 135 were women. At 1 year, the proportion of patients who developed HF was 21% among men and 34% among women (p = 0.001). In the subset of 407 patients with available diastolic parameters, the rate of HF was also higher in women. HF during the initial hospitalization was comparable between the sexes. However, women had a higher incidence of rehospitalization for HF within the first year after STEMI (14.1% vs. 4.1%, p = 0.005). Women were older with a higher prevalence of hypertension. The infarct size and LVEF were similar between the sexes. Elevated LVFP was observed more frequently in women than in men during the initial hospitalization and at 1 year (26% vs. 12%, p = 0.04, and 22% vs. 12%, p = 0.006, respectively). Interestingly, only initial elevated LVFP (HR 5.9, 95% CI: 2.4–14.5, p ConclusionsAfter PPCI-treated anterior STEMI, despite comparable infarct size and LVEF, women presented a higher proportion of rehospitalization for HF than men. That was likely due to a greater DD associated with older age and hypertension.</p

Table2_What underlies sex differences in heart failure onset within the first year after a first myocardial infarction?.docx

BackgroundWomen are more likely to develop heart failure (HF) after myocardial infarction. However, diagnosis and reperfusion are often delayed.ObjectivesTo compare the prevalence of HF after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI)-treated ST segment myocardial infarction (STEMI) between sexes and to study its associations with comorbidities, infarct size, and left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic dysfunctions (DD).MethodsThe patients with PPCI-treated anterior STEMI, from the CIRCUS study cohort, were followed up for 1 year and HF events were recorded. Evaluation of ejection fraction (LVEF) and DD were performed at baseline and at 1 year. The elevated LV filling pressure (LVFP) included Grades 2 and 3 DD.ResultsOf the 791 patients from the CIRCUS study, 135 were women. At 1 year, the proportion of patients who developed HF was 21% among men and 34% among women (p = 0.001). In the subset of 407 patients with available diastolic parameters, the rate of HF was also higher in women. HF during the initial hospitalization was comparable between the sexes. However, women had a higher incidence of rehospitalization for HF within the first year after STEMI (14.1% vs. 4.1%, p = 0.005). Women were older with a higher prevalence of hypertension. The infarct size and LVEF were similar between the sexes. Elevated LVFP was observed more frequently in women than in men during the initial hospitalization and at 1 year (26% vs. 12%, p = 0.04, and 22% vs. 12%, p = 0.006, respectively). Interestingly, only initial elevated LVFP (HR 5.9, 95% CI: 2.4–14.5, p ConclusionsAfter PPCI-treated anterior STEMI, despite comparable infarct size and LVEF, women presented a higher proportion of rehospitalization for HF than men. That was likely due to a greater DD associated with older age and hypertension.</p

Table3_What underlies sex differences in heart failure onset within the first year after a first myocardial infarction?.docx

BackgroundWomen are more likely to develop heart failure (HF) after myocardial infarction. However, diagnosis and reperfusion are often delayed.ObjectivesTo compare the prevalence of HF after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI)-treated ST segment myocardial infarction (STEMI) between sexes and to study its associations with comorbidities, infarct size, and left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic dysfunctions (DD).MethodsThe patients with PPCI-treated anterior STEMI, from the CIRCUS study cohort, were followed up for 1 year and HF events were recorded. Evaluation of ejection fraction (LVEF) and DD were performed at baseline and at 1 year. The elevated LV filling pressure (LVFP) included Grades 2 and 3 DD.ResultsOf the 791 patients from the CIRCUS study, 135 were women. At 1 year, the proportion of patients who developed HF was 21% among men and 34% among women (p = 0.001). In the subset of 407 patients with available diastolic parameters, the rate of HF was also higher in women. HF during the initial hospitalization was comparable between the sexes. However, women had a higher incidence of rehospitalization for HF within the first year after STEMI (14.1% vs. 4.1%, p = 0.005). Women were older with a higher prevalence of hypertension. The infarct size and LVEF were similar between the sexes. Elevated LVFP was observed more frequently in women than in men during the initial hospitalization and at 1 year (26% vs. 12%, p = 0.04, and 22% vs. 12%, p = 0.006, respectively). Interestingly, only initial elevated LVFP (HR 5.9, 95% CI: 2.4–14.5, p ConclusionsAfter PPCI-treated anterior STEMI, despite comparable infarct size and LVEF, women presented a higher proportion of rehospitalization for HF than men. That was likely due to a greater DD associated with older age and hypertension.</p

Du folklore à l'ethnologie

Le passage des études de folklore à l'ethnologie en France s'est fait dans la période troublée qui va du Front populaire à la Libération. Le folklore scientifique se construit de manière ambivalente, dans le cadre d'une politique culturelle qui fait la part belle aux traditions régionales : à la fois ouverte sur la modernité, et fascinée par un passé volontiers idéalisé. Avec l'avènement du régime de Vichy, le folklore devient l'instrument de la politique culturelle du maréchal Pétain et de sa Révolution nationale. Mais, en même temps, de vastes enquêtes scientifiques, extensives et collectives voient le jour. Cet ouvrage, qui fait suite à un colloque international tenu en 2003 au musée national des Arts et Traditions populaires (MNATP), apporte une réponse collective à des questions restées longtemps Houes, voire taboues : comment apprécier les activités du MNATP, créé en 1937, et celles de son directeur, Georges Henri Rivière, sous le régime de Vichy ? Quelles continuités, quelles ruptures apparaissent entre la période du Front populaire et Vichy ? Jusqu'où les folkloristes se sont-ils compromis ? Une nouvelle discipline était-elle déjà en germe ou le folklorisme sombrait-il totalement dans l'exaltation passéiste du inonde paysan ? Ce regard en arrière s'avère nécessaire à l'heure où l'ethnologie s'affranchit des barrières nationales - et alors qu'un nouveau musée, le musée des Civilisations de l'Europe et de la Méditerranée (MuCEM), vient remplacer le MNATP