Convergent Sequences of Dense Graphs I: Subgraph Frequencies, Metric Properties and Testing

We consider sequences of graphs and define various notions of convergence related to these sequences: ``left convergence'' defined in terms of the densities of homomorphisms from small graphs into the graphs of the sequence, and ``right convergence'' defined in terms of the densities of homomorphisms from the graphs of the sequence into small graphs; and convergence in a suitably defined metric. In Part I of this series, we show that left convergence is equivalent to convergence in metric, both for simple graphs, and for graphs with nodeweights and edgeweights. One of the main steps here is the introduction of a cut-distance comparing graphs, not necessarily of the same size. We also show how these notions of convergence provide natural formulations of Szemeredi partitions, sampling and testing of large graphs.Comment: 57 pages. See also http://research.microsoft.com/~borgs/. This version differs from an earlier version from May 2006 in the organization of the sections, but is otherwise almost identica

Aproximación enfermera a los cuidados no profesionales a través de las vivencias de una cuidadora

Introducción: El envejecimiento progresivo de la población española, y la creciente disminución de los recursos institucionales para el cuidado de las personas dependientes, implica que cada día sea mayor la necesidad de disponer de cuidadoras no profesionales. En la mayoría de los casos la calidad de vida de las personas dependientes depende de los cuidados no profesionales prestados por mujeres y familiares en general de la persona dependiente. Cuidados y cuidadores son a menudo invisibilizados y/o poco reconocidos desde el punto de vista social, institucional y legislativo. Es función de enfermería conocer esta problemática, identificar a las cuidadoras no profesionales y las necesidades derivadas de su rol, y dispensarles la ayuda, conocimiento y apoyo necesario para realizar esta tarea en las mejores condiciones posibles. Objetivos: Definir los conceptos relacionados con "el cuidar" dentro del sector popular de la salud para poder comprender las vivencias y la problemática de las personas que ejercen de cuidadoras dentro de este sector. Analizar e interpretar el discurso de una cuidadora informal relacionándolo con las categorías diagnósticas propuestas por la NANDA para poder descubrir los problemas relacionados con el cuidado donde sería posible la intervención enfermera al cuidador. Material y métodos: Revisión bibliográfica sistemática con inclusión de textos legislativos relevantes para este trabajo. Entrevista semiestructurada a una cuidadora no profesional. Análisis del discurso. Codificación abierta e inductiva de la información con establecimiento de dominios y categorías de análisis, tomando como modelo la “Teoría Fundamentada” de Glaser y Strauss. Resultados: dominios y categorías diagnósticas NANDA en base al discurso de una cuidadora. Conclusiones: Dada la importancia los cuidados no profesionales es fundamental que los programas de atención sanitaria de nuestra cultura y nuestra sociedad, creen las bases para garantizar el bienestar biopsicosocial de la cuidadora no profesional. Por otra parte, las cuidadoras no profesionales sufren numerosos problemas de salud en los que el profesional de enfermería puede actuar, especialmente detectando y previniendo los factores de riesgo para el cuidador

Multi-Class Classification Averaging Fusion for Detecting Steganography

Multiple classifier fusion has the capability of increasing classification accuracy over individual classifier systems. This paper focuses on the development of a multi-class classification fusion based on weighted averaging of posterior class probabilities. This fusion system is applied to the steganography fingerprint domain, in which the classifier identifies the statistical patterns in an image which distinguish one steganography algorithm from another. Specifically we focus on algorithms in which jpeg images provide the cover in order to communicate covertly. The embedding methods targeted are F5, JSteg, Model Based, OutGuess, and StegHide. The developed multi-class steganalvsis system consists of three levels: (1) feature preprocessing in which a projection function maps the input vectors into a separable space, (2) classifier system using an ensemble of classifiers, and (3) two weighted fusion techniques are compared, the first is a well known variance weighted fusion and an Gaussian weighted fusion. Results show that through the novel addition of the classifier fusion step to the multi-class steganalysis system, the classification accuracy is improved by up to 12%

Effect of Advertising Exposure, Sales Promotion and Packaging Towards Purchase Request of Kinder Joy to Childrens

Marketing activities are so exist nowaday for company profit of marketers. One of them is for brand of snacks children. The marketers are trying so hard to attract children's attention. Moreover, children are easy targets to affected because their thought process and the logic still in the developing stages. So, all kind of marketing activities maximized its use by the marketer. Some of them such as advertising impressions on television, the addition of sales promotion or packaging on snacks. The impact arising from the strategy of marketing activities is the level of consumption of children at these snacks are high. Whereas most of that snacks are not good for their health. This study aims to determine the influence of television advertising (X1), sales promotion (X2) and packaging (X3) against the purchase request Kinder Joy to Children (Y). This study uses the theory Overall Model Of Consumer Behavior with supporting concepts from Shimp about ads and sales promotion and also from Peter and Olson about consumer behavior. Subjects were 50 students from SD N 2 Banyumanik Semarang, and non-probability sampling is obtained in the form of purposive sampling. Methods of data collection using questionnaires with data analysis statistical test multiple linear regeresi. The first hypothesis test, demonstrate the significant value of TV advertising exposure to purchase request 0,018 ( 0.05) so it can be interpreted that the variable is not significant. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that TV advertising and sales promotion affect the purchase request of Kinder Joy. These findings support the theory Overall Model Of Consumer Behavior. That is, the higher exposure to TV advertising and sales promotion, make higher demand for the purchase of Kinder Joy to children. But not for packaging because the findings were not significant and this finding is supported by the concept of Peter and Olson regarding consumer behavior

Steganalysis Embedding Percentage Determination with Learning Vector Quantization

Steganography (stego) is used primarily when the very existence of a communication signal is to be kept covert. Detecting the presence of stego is a very difficult problem which is made even more difficult when the embedding technique is not known. This article presents an investigation of the process and necessary considerations inherent in the development of a new method applied for the detection of hidden data within digital images. We demonstrate the effectiveness of learning vector quantization (LVQ) as a clustering technique which assists in discerning clean or non-stego images from anomalous or stego images. This comparison is conducted using 7 featuresover a small set of 200 observations with varying levels of embedded information from 1% to 10% in increments of 1%. The results demonstrate that LVQ not only more accurately identify when an image contains LSB hidden information when compared to k-means or using just the raw feature sets, but also provides a simple method for determining the percentage of embedding given low information embedding percentages. Abstract ©2006 IEEE

Cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de práctica de actividad física y percepción de barreras en estudiantes de bachillerato

El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer los niveles de actividad física (AF) así como la percepción de barreras para la realización de AF en estudiantes de Bachillerato, analizando dichas variables en función del género, curso académico, práctica deportiva extraescolar y tipo de jornada. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en el que participaron 248 adolescentes, 120 chicos y 128 chicas ( M = 15.32; DT = 1.81), 144 de 1º de Bachillerato y 104 de 2º de Bachillerato. Se utilizó el Cuestionario Internacional de AF en su versión corta (IPAQ-SF) y la Escala de Barreras para la práctica de AF . Los resultados señalaron que menos del 30% de los estudiantes de Bachillerato alcanza las recomendaciones de práctica de AF, siendo el grado de cumplimiento más elevado en los chicos (38.3%), en el alumnado de 1º de Bachillerato (30.6%), en el alumnado que realiza práctica deportiva extraescolar (36.7%) y entre semana (31%). Por otro lado, las barreras referentes al tiempo fueron superiores en el alumnado de 2º de Bachillerato, mientras que las barreras relativas al disfrute fueron superiores en las chicas y en el alumnado que no realizaba práctica deportiva extraescolar. Los resultados destacan la importancia de promover la práctica regular de AF en Bachillerato, especialmente en las chicas y en los adolescentes de 2º curso, a través de programas de intervención que ayuden a mejorar la gestión del tiempo de ocio y estimulen el desarrollo de los procesos motivacionales. The aim of this study was to analyze physical activity (PA) levels and perceived barriers to PA in High School students. Similarly, differences in gender, academic year, out-of-school sport and type of day were analyzed among these variables. In this cross-sectional study, 248 adolescents, 120 boys and 128 girls (M = 15.32; SD = 1.81), were involved. The sample was made up of 144 12th grade students (58.1%) and 104 13th grade students. The International PA Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) and the Scale of Barriers to PA were used. The results showed that less than 30% of High School students comply with the PA guidelines, being higher in boys (38.3%), in the 12th High School students (30.6%), in the students who practiced extracurricular sports (36.7%) and weekdays (31%). On the other hand, barriers relating to time adolescents were higher in students of 13th High School, while barriers relate to enjoyment were higher in girls and students who did not practice extracurricular sports. The results highlight the importance of promoting PA in High School students, especially in girls and 12th High School, through intervention programs that help improve the management of their leisure time and development of motivational processes

L1CAM protein expression is associated with poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer

Background: The L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) is potentially involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT marker expression is of prognostic significance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The relevance of L1CAM for NSCLC is unclear. We investigated the protein expression of L1CAM in a cohort of NSCLC patients. L1CAM protein expression was correlated with clinico-pathological parameters including survival and markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Results: L1CAM protein expression was found in 25% of squamous cell carcinomas and 24% of adenocarcinomas and correlated with blood vessel invasion and metastasis (p < 0.05). L1CAM was an independent predictor of survival in a multivariate analysis including pT, pN, and pM category, and tumor differentiation grade. L1CAM expression positively correlated with vimentin, beta-catenin, and slug, but inversely with E-cadherin (all p-values < 0.05). E-cadherin expression was higher in the tumor center than in the tumor periphery, whereas L1CAM and vimentin were expressed at the tumor-stroma interface. In L1CAM-negative A549 cells the L1CAM expression was upregulated and matrigel invasion was increased after stimulation with TGF-beta1. In L1CAM-positive SK-LU-1 and SK-LC-LL cells matrigel invasion was decreased after L1CAM siRNA knockdown. Conclusions: A subset of NSCLCs with vessel tropism and increased metastasis aberrantly expresses L1CAM. L1CAM is a novel prognostic marker for NSCLCs that is upregulated by EMT induction and appears to be instrumental for enhanced cell invasion