Pengaruh Dimensi Benda Uji Terhadap Kuat Tekan Beton

Kuat tekan adalah karakteristik mekanik utama dari beton yang dapat diketahui melalui penelitian uji tekan di laboratorium terhadap benda uji. Baik dalam bentuk kubus ataupun silinder dengan ukuran standar: 10cm x 10cm x 10cm dan 15cm x 15cm untuk kubus dan 10cm x 20cm dan 15cm x 30cm untuk silinder. Untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai kecendrungan harga kuat tekan beton dengan variasi dimensi benda uji, telah dilakukan penelitian-penelitian di laboratoriun untuk mendapatkan komposisi campuran tertentu pada umur beton 28 hari, variasi ukuran benda uji dibuat: 10cm x 10cm x 10cm, 12,5cm x 12,5cm x 12,5cm dan 15cm x 15cm x 15cm untuk kubus dan 10cm x 20cm, 12,5cm x 25cm dan 15cm x 30cm untuk silinder. Dengan jumlah benda uji masing-masing 20 buah untuk setiap ukuran benda uji. Melalui prosedur standar pengujian kuat tekan dan menggunakan formula-formula baku perhitungan tekan rata-rata diperoleh informasi bahwa peningkatan ukuran dimensi benda uji menghasilkan penurunan kuat tekan rata-rata, untuk benda uji kubus dengan ukuran masing-masing: 10cm x 10cm x 10cm, 12,5cm x 12,5cm x 12,5cm dan 15cm x 15cm x 15cm diperoleh kuat tekan rata-rata masing-masing: 32,86MPa, 31,26MPa dan 31,036MPa. Sedangkan untuk silinder dengan kururan 10cm x 20cm, 12,5cm x 25cm dan 15cm x 30cm diperoleh kuat tekan rata-rata masing-masing: 31,47MPa, 30,85MPa dan 30,44MPa

Quercetin Inhibits IL-1β-Induced Inflammation, Hyaluronan Production and Adipogenesis in Orbital Fibroblasts from Graves' Orbitopathy

Management of Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is challenging, as no reliable, specific, and safe medical therapeutic agents have yet been developed. We investigated the effect of quercetin in primary cultured orbital fibroblasts from GO, targeting pathways of inflammation, aberrant accumulation of extracellular matrix macromolecules, and adipose tissue expansion. Quercetin significantly attenuated intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), interleukin (IL) -6, IL-8, and cyclooxygenase (COX) -2 mRNA expression, and inhibited IL-1β-induced increases in ICAM-1, IL-6, and IL-8 mRNA. Increased hyaluronan production induced by IL-1β or tumor necrosis factor-α was suppressed by quercetin in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Treatment with noncytotoxic doses of quercetin inhibited accumulation of intracytoplasmic lipid droplets and resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) α, and C/EBPβ proteins. In conclusion, inhibition of inflammation, hyaluronan production, and adipogenesis by the natural plant product quercetin in vitro provides the basis for further study of its potential use in the treatment of GO

Defective adipose tissue development associated with hepatomegaly in cathepsin E-deficient mice fed a high-fat diet

Cathepsin E is an intracellular aspartic proteinase, which is predominantly distributed in immune-related and epithelial cells. However, the role of the enzyme in adipose tissues remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the characteristics of cathepsin E-deficient (CatE-/-) mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), as a mouse model of obesity. HFD-fed CatE-/- mice displayed reduced body weight gain and defective development of white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT), compared with HFD-fed wild-type mice. Moreover, fat-induced CatE-/- mice showed abnormal lipid accumulation in non-adipose tissues characterized by hepatomegaly, which is probably due to defective adipose tissue development. Detailed pathological and biochemical analyses showed that hepatomegaly was accompanied by hepatic steatosis and hypercholesterolemia in HFD-induced CatE-/- mice. In fat-induced CatE-/- mice, the number of macrophages infiltrating into WAT was significantly lower than in fat-induced wild-type mice. Thus, the impaired adipose tissue development in HFD-induced CatE-/- mice was probably due to reduced infiltration of macrophages and may lead to hepatomegaly accompanied by hepatic steatosis and hypercholesterolemia

Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, NAIP, cIAP1 and cIAP2 expression during macrophage differentiation and M1/M2 polarization

Monocytes and macrophages constitute the first line of defense of the immune system against external pathogens. Macrophages have a highly plastic phenotype depending on environmental conditions; the extremes of this phenotypic spectrum are a pro-inflammatory defensive role (M1 phenotype) and an anti-inflammatory tissue-repair one (M2 phenotype). The Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) proteins have important roles in the regulation of several cellular processes, including innate and adaptive immunity. In this study we have analyzed the differential expression of the IAPs, NAIP, cIAP1 and cIAP2, during macrophage differentiation and polarization into M1 or M2. In polarized THP-1 cells and primary human macrophages, NAIP is abundantly expressed in M2 macrophages, while cIAP1 and cIAP2 show an inverse pattern of expression in polarized macrophages, with elevated expression levels of cIAP1 in M2 and cIAP2 preferentially expressed in M1. Interestingly, treatment with the IAP antagonist SMC-LCL161, induced the upregulation of NAIP in M2, the downregulation of cIAP1 in M1 and M2 and an induction of cIAP2 in M1 macrophages.This work was supported by Universidad de Granada, Plan Propio 2015;#P3B: FAM, VMC (http://investigacion.ugr.es/pages/planpropio/2015/ resoluciones/p3b_def_28072015); Universidad de Granada CEI BioTic;#CAEP2-84: VMC (http:// biotic.ugr.es/pages/resolucionprovisional enseaanzapractica22demayo/!); and Canadian nstitutes of Health Research;#231421, #318176, #361847: STB, ECL, RK (http://www.cihr-irsc.gc. ca/e/193.html). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

Characterization of adipose tissue macrophages and adipose-derived stem cells in critical wounds

Background. Subcutaneous adipose tissue is a rich source of adipose tissue macrophages and adipose-derived stem cells which both play a key role in wound repair. While macrophages can be divided into the classically-activated M1 and the alternatively-activated M2 phenotype, ASCs are characterized by the expression of specific stem cell markers. Methods. In the present study, we have investigated the expression of common macrophage polarization and stem cell markers in acutely inflamed adipose tissue. Subcutaneous adipose tissue adjacent to acutely inflamed wounds of 20 patients and 20 healthy subjects were harvested and underwent qPCR and flow cytometry analysis. Results. Expression levels of the Ml-specific markers CD80, iNOS, and IL-lb were significantly elevated in inflammatory adipose tissue when compared to healthy adipose tissue, whereas the M2-specific markers CD163 and TGF-beta were decreased. By flow cytometry, a significant shift of adipose tissue macrophage 1populations tow ards the M1 phenotype was confirmed. Furthermore, a decrease in the mesenchymai stem cell markers CD29, CD34, and CD105 was observed whereas CD73 and CD90 remained unchanged. Discussion. This is the first report describing the predominance pf M1 adipose tissue macrophages and the reduction of stem cell marker expression in acutely inflamed, non-healing wounds