60 research outputs found
Coopération ou résistances : qu'apprend-on quand on s'engage comme bénévole dans le monde associatif ?
International audienceAssociations are important places for volunteers with regard to their sociability and to the acquisition of knowledge and skills other than relational ones. One could imagine, given the egalitarian ethos of associations, that cooperative processes should be given a pivotal status. What does one learn in the confrontation with other volunteers? How can we define participation in associations, and how does participating allow taking responsibilities? What are the other factors that determine access to responsibilities?Based on data collected through a participatory approach involving volunteers and employees of associations, we will show how women and young people who wish to get involved in associations sometimes encounter resistance. Facilitators of their involvement will also be explored.Les associations sont pour les bénévoles des lieux importants de sociabilité et d'acquisition de savoirs et de savoir-faire autres que relationnels. On pourrait imaginer, vu l'éthos égalitaire du monde associatif, que les processus coopératifs y tiennent une place centrale. Qu'apprend-on dans la confrontation avec les autres bénévoles ? Qu'est-ce que la participation dans l'association, et comment permet-elle de prendre des responsabilités ? Quels autres facteurs déterminent l'accÚs à ces derniÚres ? à partir des données recueillies grùce à une démarche participative impliquant des bénévoles et des salariés du monde associatif, nous montrons comment femmes et jeunes qui souhaitent s'impliquer dans les associations se confrontent parfois à des résistances. Les facilitateurs de leur implication sont également explorés. Mots-clefs
La relation entre l'insomnie, le fonctionnement immunitaire et l'occurrence d'infections chez des patients atteints de cancer
La prĂ©sente thĂšse visait Ă Ă©valuer la relation entre lâinsomnie, le fonctionnement immunitaire et lâoccurrence dâĂ©pisodes infectieux chez des patients atteints de cancer. Dans la premiĂšre Ă©tude, le but consistait Ă Ă©valuer la relation entre lâinsomnie et lâoccurrence dâĂ©pisodes infectieux chez prĂšs de 1000 patients atteints de divers types de cancer ayant participĂ© Ă une Ă©tude Ă©pidĂ©miologique plus large rĂ©alisĂ©e par notre Ă©quipe de recherche. Dans cette Ă©tude, les patients ont complĂ©tĂ© des mesures lors de la pĂ©riode pĂ©ri-opĂ©ratoire ainsi que 2, 6, 10, 14 et 18 mois plus tard. Les rĂ©sultats ont indiquĂ© que les patients souffrant dâun syndrome dâinsomnie avaient un risque accru de dĂ©velopper un Ă©pisode dâinfection au temps de mesure subsĂ©quent, comparativement aux bons dormeurs. Ce risque Ă©tait Ă©galement plus Ă©levĂ©, quoique de moindre importance, chez des patients rapportant des symptĂŽmes dâinsomnie, comparativement aux bons dormeurs. Une fois lâanxiĂ©tĂ© et la dĂ©pression incluses comme covariables dans le modĂšle statistique, seule la prĂ©sence dâun syndrome dâinsomnie demeurait significativement associĂ©e Ă lâaccroissement du risque infectieux. Quant Ă la deuxiĂšme Ă©tude, menĂ©e chez des patientes traitĂ©es en chimiothĂ©rapie pour un cancer du sein ou gynĂ©cologique, son but Ă©tait de documenter lâĂ©volution du sommeil avant, pendant et aprĂšs des traitements de chimiothĂ©rapie, et dâĂ©valuer la relation entre lâinsomnie, le fonctionnement immunitaire et lâoccurrence dâĂ©pisodes infectieux. Pour ce faire, un Ă©chantillon de 52 patientes a Ă©tĂ© recrutĂ©. Celles-ci ont complĂ©tĂ© des mesures avant lâinitiation des traitements de chimiothĂ©rapie, Ă 4 moments en cours de traitement (phases dâimmunosuppression et de rĂ©cupĂ©ration pour les deux premiers cycles de chimiothĂ©rapie), aprĂšs la fin des traitements et lors de deux suivis 3 et 6 mois plus tard. Les rĂ©sultats ont indiquĂ© que lâensemble des participantes, sans Ă©gard Ă leur statut dâinsomnie au niveau de base, prĂ©sentaient un accroissement des difficultĂ©s de sommeil pendant la chimiothĂ©rapie, suivi dâun retour progressif vers la qualitĂ© de sommeil initiale suite Ă la fin des traitements. Concernant la relation entre lâinsomnie, le fonctionnement immunitaire et lâoccurrence dâinfections, il est ressorti que les patientes souffrant dâun syndrome dâinsomnie au niveau de base prĂ©sentaient significativement plus dâaltĂ©rations immunitaires que les deux autres groupes Ă diffĂ©rents moments, notamment lors de la pĂ©riode suivant la fin des traitements. Les rĂ©sultats ont Ă©galement suggĂ©rĂ© que les participantes ayant un syndrome dâinsomnie au niveau de base Ă©taient plus Ă risque de rapporter des symptĂŽmes infectieux en cours de chimiothĂ©rapie. Les rĂ©sultats de la prĂ©sente thĂšse suggĂšrent ainsi que le fait de souffrir de difficultĂ©s de sommeil, en particulier dâun syndrome dâinsomnie, caractĂ©risĂ© par des difficultĂ©s plus sĂ©vĂšres et plus persistantes, pourrait accroĂźtre le risque de vivre des altĂ©rations immunitaires et de rapporter des infections pendant la trajectoire de soins oncologiques. Bien que ces rĂ©sultats nĂ©cessitent dâĂȘtre rĂ©pliquĂ©s, ils tĂ©moignent de la nĂ©cessitĂ© de dĂ©tecter et traiter les difficultĂ©s de sommeil chez les patients atteints de cancer, considĂ©rant lâimpact Ă©ventuel de ces derniĂšres sur leur qualitĂ© de vie et leur santĂ©
A nanoparticle ink allowing the high precision visualization of tissue engineered scaffolds by MRI
Hydrogels are widely used as cell scaffolds in several biomedical applications. Once implanted in vivo, cell scaffolds must often be visualized, and monitored overtime. However, cell scaffolds appear poorly contrasted in most biomedical imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI is the imaging technique of choice for high-resolution visualization of low-density, water-rich tissues. Attempts to enhance hydrogel contrast in MRI are performed with ânegativeâ contrast agents that produce several image artifacts impeding the delineation of the implantâs contours. In this study, a magnetic ink based on ultra-small iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIONs; <5 nm diameter cores) is developed and integrated into biocompatible alginate hydrogel used in cell scaffolding applications. Relaxometric properties of the magnetic hydrogel are measured, as well as biocompatibility and MR-visibility (T1-weighted mode; in vitro and in vivo). A 2-week MR follow-up study is performed in the mouse model, demonstrating no image artifacts, and the retention of âpositiveâ contrast overtime, which allows very precise delineation of tissue grafts with MRI. Finally, a 3D-contouring procedure developed to facilitate graft delineation and geometrical conformity assessment is applied on an inverted template alginate pore network. This proof-of-concept establishes the possibility to reveal precisely engineered hydrogel structures using this USPIONs ink high-visibility approach
Cross-sectional examination of musculoskeletal conditions and multimorbidity: influence of different thresholds and definitions on prevalence and association estimates
The influence of maternal psychosocial circumstances and physical environment on the risk of severe wasting in rural Gambian infants: a mixed methods approach
In silico Hierarchical Clustering of Neuronal Populations in the Rat Ventral Tegmental Area Based on Extracellular Electrophysiological Properties.
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a heterogeneous brain region, containing different neuronal populations. During recordings, electrophysiological characteristics are classically used to distinguish the different populations. However, the VTA is also considered as a region harboring neurons with heterogeneous properties. In the present study, we aimed to classify VTA neurons using approaches, in an attempt to determine if homogeneous populations could be extracted. Thus, we recorded 291 VTA neurons during extracellular recordings in anesthetized rats. Initially, 22 neurons with high firing rates (>10 Hz) and short-lasting action potentials (AP) were considered as a separate subpopulation, in light of previous studies. To segregate the remaining 269 neurons, presumably dopaminergic (DA), we performed analyses, using a combination of different electrophysiological parameters. These parameters included: (1) firing rate; (2) firing rate coefficient of variation (CV); (3) percentage of spikes in a burst; (4) AP duration; (5) Ît duration (i.e., time from initiation of depolarization until end of repolarization); and (6) presence of a notched AP waveform. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering revealed two neuronal populations that differed in their bursting activities. The largest population presented low bursting activities (17.5%). Within non-high-firing neurons, a large heterogeneity was noted concerning AP characteristics. In conclusion, this analysis based on conventional electrophysiological criteria clustered two subpopulations of putative DA VTA neurons that are distinguishable by their firing patterns (firing rates and bursting activities) but not their AP properties
Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study
Background: Approximately 450â000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings: Of 63â093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11â848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11â476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11â848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8-13·2). 10â099 (89·9%) of 11â235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11â848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10â202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10â804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10â428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05-6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50-75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation: Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life
Dietary diversity is related to socioeconomic status among adult Saharawi refugees living in Algeria
Effects of agricultural biodiversity and seasonal rain on dietary adequacy and household food security in rural areas of Kenya
Environmental enteric dysfunction and child stunting
In 2017, an estimated 1 in every 4 (23%) children aged <â5 years were stunted worldwide. With slow progress in stunting reduction in many regions and the realization that a large proportion of stunting is not due to insufficient diet or diarrhea alone, it remains that other factors must explain continued growth faltering. Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED), a subclinical state of intestinal inflammation, can occur in infants across the developing world and is proposed as an immediate causal factor connecting poor sanitation and stunting. A result of chronic pathogen exposure, EED presents multiple causal pathways, and as such the scope and sensitivity of traditional water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions have possibly been unsubstantial. Although the definite pathogenesis of EED and the mechanism by which stunting occurs are yet to be defined, this paper reviews the existing literature surrounding the proposed pathology and transmission of EED in infants and considerations for nutrition and WASH interventions to improve linear growth worldwide
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