Some implementation issues of the bologna process in the russian federation

Рассматриваются проблема неравенства в образовании и порождаемые Болонским процессом сложности реализации самостоятельной работы студентовThe article is devoted to the problem of inequality in education and the difficulties in realizing the independent work of students, generated by the Bologna proces

Совершенствование организации медицинской реабилитации в системе здравоохранения: анализ ситуации

Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of changes in the legal framework that regulates medical rehabilitation (MR) in the Russian Federation.Material and methods. We analyzed the valid Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of June 31, 2020 No. 788n “Organization of medical rehabilitation of adults”, which came into legal power on January 1, 2021. It was proposed for public discussion on the introduction of amendments (project of amendments). The changes proposed in the project were compared with the original text of the document. Besides, other legal documents on the organization of medical rehabilitation were analyzed.Results. Order No. 788n regulates the stages of MR, specifies the formation and realization of an individual plan for a multi-disciplinary rehabilitation team based on the evaluation by Rehabilitation Routing Scale. The document includes in-house protocols of profile inpatient and outpatient departments of medical institutions, standards for doctor’s offices equipment, organization of day-time inpatient department, and regulations for MR centers. The project of amendments contains a variant of involvement of the existing additional Groups 1 and 2 medical divisions for the organization of MR, and limitation for the Stage 2 of MR in inpatient settings, which is now possible only for patients who need 24-hour care.Conclusion. The proposed changes have evolutionary character. A lot of issues in the regulatory framework of MR remain unsolved. It is necessary to improve the state policy for MR and perform further clinical studies of its benefits.Цель: оценить эффективность изменений в нормативной базе, регулирующих медицинскую реабилитацию (МР) в Российской Федерации.Материал и методы. Проанализированы Приказ Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации от 31 июля 2020 г. № 788н «Об утверждении порядка организации медицинской реабилитации взрослых», действующий с 1 января 2021 г., и вынесенный на общественное обсуждение проект документа о внесении в него изменений. Изменения, предлагающиеся в проекте, сопоставлены с текстом оригинального документа. Также проанализированы другие документы, составляющие нормативную базу организации МР.Результаты. В Приказе № 788н сформулирована этапность МР, предусмотрены формирование и реализация индивидуального плана МР мультидисциплинарной реабилитационной командой на основе оценки по шкале реабилитационной маршрутизации. Внесены штатные нормативы профильных амбулаторных и стационарных отделений различных видов заболеваний, стандарты оснащения кабинетов, порядок организации дневного стационара, правила работы центров МР. В проекте изменений предлагаются вариант использования существующих вспомогательных подразделений медорганизаций первой и второй групп для организации МР, ограничения второго этапа МР в стационарных условиях, что теперь возможно только для больных, которые нуждаются в круглосуточном наблюдении.Заключение. Предлагаемые изменения носят эволюционный характер. Многие пробелы в нормативной базе МР остаются нерешенными. Необходимо совершенствование государственной политики в области МР и проведение дальнейших клинических исследований ее преимуществ

Организация реабилитации пациенток с опухолями яичников: современные подходы и будущие направления

Patients who underwent radical antitumor treatment for ovarian cancer, borderline ovarian tumors, often experience a severe range of morphofunctional and psychological disorders. Frequent complications are postovariectomy syndrome, sexual dysfunction, anxiety and depression, and chronic pelvic pain, which reduces the overall quality of life. Numerous studies show that for this category of patients, the preservation of labor activity and social significance is an extremely important aspect. This dictates the need to organize rehabilitation measures that significantly increase the quality of life of oncogynecological patients and contribute to the restoration of their professional and social functioning. Пациентки, прошедшие радикальное противоопухолевое лечение по поводу рака яичников, пограничных опухолей яичников, испытывают тяжелый спектр морфофункциональных и психологических расстройств. Частыми осложнениями выступают постовариэктомический синдром, сексуальная дисфункция, тревога и депрессия, хроническая тазовая боль, что снижает общее качество жизни. Многочисленные исследования показывают, что для данной категории больных крайне важным аспектом является сохранение трудовой деятельности и социальной значимости. Это диктует необходимость в организации реабилитационных мероприятий, которые достоверно повышают качество жизни онкогинекологических пациенток и способствуют восстановлению их профессионального и социального функционирования

Эпигенетические аспекты реабилитации онкогинекологических больных

The influence of epigenetic processes on the development of malignant diseases, including gynaecological cancers, is now beyond doubt. DNA methylation, histone modification and post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs lead to changes in the activity of various genes, contributing to female genital cancers (cervix, endometrium, ovarian). It should be noted that disruptions in gene expression do not only occur in malignant cells, but also in the tumour microenvironment, resulting in disease progression and relapse. However, “epigenetic markers” of carcinogenesis can be useful in the treatment and rehabilitation of patients, making a personalized approach possible.На сегодняшний день влияние эпигенетических процессов на развитие злокачественных заболеваний, включая онкогинекологические, не вызывает сомнений. Метилирование ДНК, модификация гистонов и посттранскрипционная регуляция при помощи микроРНК приводят к изменению активности различных генов, способствуя возникновению рака женских половых органов (шейки матки, эндометрия, яичников). Следует отметить, что нарушения в экспрессии генов появляются не только в злокачественных клетках, но и в микроокружении опухоли, обусловливая прогрессирование и рецидив заболевания. Однако «эпигенетические метки» канцерогенеза могут быть полезными в лечении и реабилитации пациенток, делая возможным применение персонифицированного подхода

Pathways to cellular supremacy in biocomputing

Synthetic biology uses living cells as the substrate for performing human-defined computations. Many current implementations of cellular computing are based on the “genetic circuit” metaphor, an approximation of the operation of silicon-based computers. Although this conceptual mapping has been relatively successful, we argue that it fundamentally limits the types of computation that may be engineered inside the cell, and fails to exploit the rich and diverse functionality available in natural living systems. We propose the notion of “cellular supremacy” to focus attention on domains in which biocomputing might offer superior performance over traditional computers. We consider potential pathways toward cellular supremacy, and suggest application areas in which it may be found.A.G.-M. was supported by the SynBio3D project of the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/R019002/1) and the European CSA on biological standardization BIOROBOOST (EU grant number 820699). T.E.G. was supported by a Royal Society University Research Fellowship (grant UF160357) and BrisSynBio, a BBSRC/ EPSRC Synthetic Biology Research Centre (grant BB/L01386X/1). P.Z. was supported by the EPSRC Portabolomics project (grant EP/N031962/1). P.C. was supported by SynBioChem, a BBSRC/EPSRC Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (grant BB/M017702/1) and the ShikiFactory100 project of the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement 814408

ЭКСПРЕССИЯ РАКОВО-ТЕСТИКУЛЯРНЫХ ГЕНОВ PRAME, NY-ESO1, GAGE1, MAGE A3, MAGE A6, MAGE A12, SSX1, SLLP1, PASD1 У БОЛЬНЫХ МНОЖЕСТВЕННОЙ МИЕЛОМОЙ, ИХ ВЛИЯНИЕ НА ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ОБЩЕЙ ВЫЖИВАЕМОСТИ И СКОРОСТЬ ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЯ РЕЦИДИВА

Objective: to study the prognostic significance of the expression of cancer-testis (CT) genes PRAME, NY-ESO1, GAGE1, MAGE A3, MAGE A6, MAGE A12, SSX1, SLLP1, PASD1 in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and their influence on overall survival and relapse rate. To determine their effect on suсh clinical parameters as levels of lactate dehydrogenase, leucocytes, hemoglobin, calcium, albumen, creatinine, beta-2-microglobulin.Materials and methods. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed on complementary DNA obtained from bone marrow of 77 patients with MM. The statistical analysis was performed using the Statistica 10.0 software package. To estimate prognostic values of the CT gene expression data were analyzed by the Kaplan – Meier method.Results. The study was conducted to determine the level of expression of CT genes PRAME, NY-ESO1, GAGE1, MAGE A3, MAGE A6, MAGE A12, SSX1, SLLP1, PASD1 in a group of patients with MM. The group included primary and receiving cancer treatment in MM patients. According to the log-rank criterion expression of any of the CT genes PRAME, NY-ESO1, GAGE1, MAGE A3, MAGE A6, MAGE A12, SSX1, SLLP1, PASD1 exerts a significant influence on overall survival and progression-free survival/relapse. It was also determined that providing expression of some CT genes, the levels of creatinine, calcium, beta-2-microglobulin were much higher to compare with patients without expression.Цель исследования – изучить прогностическое значение экспрессии раково-тестикулярных генов (РТГ) PRAME, NY-ESO1, GAGE1, MAGE A3, MAGE A6, MAGE A12, SSX1, SLLP1, PASD1 у больных множественной миеломой (ММ) и их влияние на показатели общей выживаемости и скорость возникновения рецидивов, определить их влияние на такие клинические показатели, как уровни лактатдегидрогеназы, лейкоцитов, гемоглобина, кальция, альбумина, креатинина и бета-2-микроглобулина.Материалы и методы. Количественную полимеразную цепную реакцию в реальном времени проводили на комплементарной ДНК, полученной из образцов костного мозга 77 больных с установленным диагнозом ММ. Статистический анализ выполняли с помощью программного пакета Statistica 10.0. Для построения кривых общей выживаемости использовали метод Каплана–Майера.Результаты. Проведено исследование для определения уровня экспрессии РТГ PRAME, NY-ESO1, GAGE1, MAGE A3, MAGE A6, MAGE A12, SSX1, SLLP1, PASD1 в группе больных ММ. В группу вошли как первичные пациенты, так и получающие лекарственную противоопухолевую терапию при ММ. Согласно log-rank-тесту существенное влияние на показатели общей выживаемости и выживаемости без прогрессирования/рецидива заболевания оказывает экспрессия любого из РТГ NY-ESO1, MAGE A6, MAGE A12, SSX11, PASD1. Также определено, что при экспрессии некоторых РТГ уровни креатинина, кальция и бета-2-микроглобулина были на порядок выше, чем у больных без экспрессии

Dynamic metabolic control: towards precision engineering of metabolism

Advances in metabolic engineering have led to the synthesis of a wide variety of valuable chemicals in microorganisms. The key to commercializing these processes is the improvement of titer, productivity, yield, and robustness. Traditional approaches to enhancing production use the “push–pull-block” strategy that modulates enzyme expression under static control. However, strains are often optimized for specific laboratory set-up and are sensitive to environmental fluctuations. Exposure to sub-optimal growth conditions during large-scale fermentation often reduces their production capacity. Moreover, static control of engineered pathways may imbalance cofactors or cause the accumulation of toxic intermediates, which imposes burden on the host and results in decreased production. To overcome these problems, the last decade has witnessed the emergence of a new technology that uses synthetic regulation to control heterologous pathways dynamically, in ways akin to regulatory networks found in nature. Here, we review natural metabolic control strategies and recent developments in how they inspire the engineering of dynamically regulated pathways. We further discuss the challenges of designing and engineering dynamic control and highlight how model-based design can provide a powerful formalism to engineer dynamic control circuits, which together with the tools of synthetic biology, can work to enhance microbial production

BacHBerry: BACterial Hosts for production of Bioactive phenolics from bERRY fruits

BACterial Hosts for production of Bioactive phenolics from bERRY fruits (BacHBerry) was a 3-year project funded by the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) of the European Union that ran between November 2013 and October 2016. The overall aim of the project was to establish a sustainable and economically-feasible strategy for the production of novel high-value phenolic compounds isolated from berry fruits using bacterial platforms. The project aimed at covering all stages of the discovery and pre-commercialization process, including berry collection, screening and characterization of their bioactive components, identification and functional characterization of the corresponding biosynthetic pathways, and construction of Gram-positive bacterial cell factories producing phenolic compounds. Further activities included optimization of polyphenol extraction methods from bacterial cultures, scale-up of production by fermentation up to pilot scale, as well as societal and economic analyses of the processes. This review article summarizes some of the key findings obtained throughout the duration of the project

NEOADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY FOR EPITHELIAL OVARIAN CANCER. MODERN METHODS AND PATIENTS SELECTION CRITERIA

Ovarian cancer is the 3rd most common cancer among women with gynecological neoplasms in Russia, at the same time, it have the highest mortality rate among malignant tumors of the female reproductive system. Because ofvague clinical picture and the lack of effective methods for early detection and screening, more than 60% of cases are diagnosed at stage III-IV, after the spread of tumor beyond the pelvis. Standard treatment for this category of patients includes debulking surgery on the first stage, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. The main predictor of the prognosis is the residualvolume of disease after debulking surgery. Nowadays, complete resection of all macroscopic disease is considered as optimal cytoreduction. Trying to perform surgical treatment in the optimal volume dictates the need for complex, multi-component operations, accompanied by significant postoperative morbidity and mortality. In addition, in many cases, resection of all macroscopic foci of the disease is technically impossible.The use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy is designed to reduce the incidence of postoperative complications and to achieve optimal cytoreduction in the maximum number of patients.After an analysis of literature the authors could make up aconclusion that the place of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced forms of ovarian cancer is still arguable. Based on data from clinical trials, the primary debulking surgery after the diagnosis is the best treatment for this category of patients. However, among patients with markers of unresectability according to the radiologic methods, as well as patients with poor performance status, that significantly increases the risk of surgery, use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy is a reasonable method of choice