IL-10-conditioned dendritic cells, decommissioned for recruitment of adaptive immunity, elicit innate inflammatory gene products in response to danger signals

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the professional APCs of the immune system, enabling T cells to perceive and respond appropriately to potentially dangerous microbes, while also being able to maintain T cell tolerance toward self. In part, such tolerance can be determined by IL-10 released from certain types of regulatory T cells. IL-10 has previously been shown to render DCs unable to activate T cells and it has been assumed that this process represents a general block in maturation. Using serial analysis of gene expression, we show that IL-10 pretreatment of murine bone marrow-derived DCs alone causes significant changes in gene expression. Furthermore, these cells retain the ability to respond to Toll-like receptor agonists, but in a manner skewed toward the selective induction of mediators known to enhance local inflammation and innate immunity, among which we highlight a novel CXCR2 ligand, DC inflammatory protein-1. These data suggest that, while the presence of a protolerogenic and purportedly anti-inflammatory agent such as IL-10 precludes DCs from acquiring their potential as initiators of adaptive immunity, their ability to act as initiators of innate immunity in response to Toll-like receptor signaling is enhanced

Estabilidad en anaquel (segundo año) de un gel de Rhizophora mangle L.

La estabilidad en anaquel, de larga duración o shelf life de una formulación es un factorfundamental para obtener un producto de calidad, más aún en los productos naturales pues son a menudopropensos al deterioro, especialmente durante el almacenamiento. Se evaluó la estabilidad a 5±3ºC durante elsegundo año, de tres lotes pilotos de un semisólido en forma de gel, obtenido a partir del extracto acuoso de lacorteza de Rhizophora mangle L. Los lotes fueron producidos a escala piloto y envasados en tubos de aluminiode 25 g con laqueado interior. Se evaluaron los indicadores físico-químicos y microbiológicos a los 24 mesesde almacenamiento y se compararon con los obtenidos a tiempo inicial y a los 12 meses. Como resultadotodos los lotes mostraron estables sus propiedades organolépticas, pH de 6 a 7, área de extensibilidad de 30-50 cm2, límite microbiano <102 UFC/g, actividad antimicrobiana entre 8-10 mg/g y comportamiento reológicode un fluido no newtoniano del tipo Herschel Bulkley, sin diferencias significativas con los tiempos anteriores.La concentración de taninos totales presentó variación en el tiempo, no obstante este indicador estuvo dentrodel límite de aceptación para la formulación de 13-30 mg/g. Estos resultados permiten proponer un período devalidez del producto de 2 años bajo las condiciones de almacenamiento ensayadas

Human G Protein–Coupled Receptor Gpr-9-6/Cc Chemokine Receptor 9 Is Selectively Expressed on Intestinal Homing T Lymphocytes, Mucosal Lymphocytes, and Thymocytes and Is Required for Thymus-Expressed Chemokine–Mediated Chemotaxis

TECK (thymus-expressed chemokine), a recently described CC chemokine expressed in thymus and small intestine, was found to mediate chemotaxis of human G protein–coupled receptor GPR-9-6/L1.2 transfectants. This activity was blocked by anti–GPR-9-6 monoclonal antibody (mAb) 3C3. GPR-9-6 is expressed on a subset of memory α4β7high intestinal trafficking CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes. In addition, all intestinal lamina propria and intraepithelial lymphocytes express GPR-9-6. In contrast, GPR-9-6 is not displayed on cutaneous lymphocyte antigen–positive (CLA+) memory CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes, which traffic to skin inflammatory sites, or on other systemic α4β7−CLA− memory CD4/CD8 lymphocytes. The majority of thymocytes also express GPR-9-6, but natural killer cells, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils are GPR-9-6 negative. Transcripts of GPR-9-6 and TECK are present in both small intestine and thymus. Importantly, the expression profile of GPR-9-6 correlates with migration to TECK of blood T lymphocytes and thymocytes. As migration of these cells is blocked by anti–GPR-9-6 mAb 3C3, we conclude that GPR-9-6 is the principal chemokine receptor for TECK. In agreement with the nomenclature rules for chemokine receptors, we propose the designation CCR-9 for GPR-9-6. The selective expression of TECK and GPR-9-6 in thymus and small intestine implies a dual role for GPR-9-6/CCR-9, both in T cell development and the mucosal immune response

Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use in early acute respiratory distress syndrome : Insights from the LUNG SAFE study

Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: Concerns exist regarding the prevalence and impact of unnecessary oxygen use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We examined this issue in patients with ARDS enrolled in the Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE (LUNG SAFE) study. Methods: In this secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE study, we wished to determine the prevalence and the outcomes associated with hyperoxemia on day 1, sustained hyperoxemia, and excessive oxygen use in patients with early ARDS. Patients who fulfilled criteria of ARDS on day 1 and day 2 of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure were categorized based on the presence of hyperoxemia (PaO2 > 100 mmHg) on day 1, sustained (i.e., present on day 1 and day 2) hyperoxemia, or excessive oxygen use (FIO2 ≥ 0.60 during hyperoxemia). Results: Of 2005 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 131 (6.5%) were hypoxemic (PaO2 < 55 mmHg), 607 (30%) had hyperoxemia on day 1, and 250 (12%) had sustained hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use occurred in 400 (66%) out of 607 patients with hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use decreased from day 1 to day 2 of ARDS, with most hyperoxemic patients on day 2 receiving relatively low FIO2. Multivariate analyses found no independent relationship between day 1 hyperoxemia, sustained hyperoxemia, or excess FIO2 use and adverse clinical outcomes. Mortality was 42% in patients with excess FIO2 use, compared to 39% in a propensity-matched sample of normoxemic (PaO2 55-100 mmHg) patients (P = 0.47). Conclusions: Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use are both prevalent in early ARDS but are most often non-sustained. No relationship was found between hyperoxemia or excessive oxygen use and patient outcome in this cohort. Trial registration: LUNG-SAFE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02010073publishersversionPeer reviewe

Effect of soil biofumigation using the solid residue of CIKRON-H on nematode populations

Disposition of the residual products of the biopharmaceutical industry represents an important challenge due to the economic and environmental responsibilities involved. The National Centre for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA) carries out researches for obtaining pharmaceuticals from plants. CIKRON-H, derived from the bark of Rhizophora mangle L., is produced at CENSA. The solid residue obtained during the process for extracting the pharmaceutical active ingredient is the exhausted plant bark. A preliminary experiment was conducted to assess the effect of this residue on root-knot nematode populations when it was used as soil biofumigant in a non sterilized soil and on the plant root system of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). A significant reduction of infective juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne incognita Kofoid and White (Chitwood) in the soil (from five J2 per gram of soil to two degree) was shown. Enhancement of the saprophytic nematode populations was also observed. Despite these results, further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of this waste material on plant nutrition and physiology before recommending its use as a tactic to manage root-knot nematode populations in agricultural system

B1-3 glucano particulado lineal y otras formulaciones basadas en glucano, su efecto en bovinos y aves

Se hace una valoración general del empleo de diferentes formulaciones basadas en B glucano en bovinos y aves. Las formulaciones evaluadas fueron; 1-3 glucano particulado lineal (B1-3gpl), B1-3/1-6 D glucano y B-glucano con diferentes grados de purificación (1.8% y 70%) combinado con ascorbil-2-polifosfato. Los criterios de evaluación variaron, pero todos mostraron el impacto favorable de las formulacionessobre indicadores de la respuesta inmune, la respuesta frente a desafíos experimentales, e indicadores productivos y de salud. El B 1-3gpl estimuló la actividad de células fagocíticas en bovinos así como disminuyó el desarrollo de procesos neumónicos en terneros y novillas. La infusión intramamaria de B 1-3 glucano incrementó la expresión del MHC II. El B-glucan derivado de la pared celular de levadura: 1.8-2% + Ácidoascórbico provocó incremento de células mononucleares periféricas. En pollos y gallinas tratadas, el empleode formulaciones basadas en 1-3gpl, incrementó la respuesta humoral a las vacunas y el desempeñoproductivo y viabilidad. Se apreció un comportamiento favorable incluso en aves sometidas a regímenes demanejo variable. El 1-3/1-6 D glucano provocó en pollos el incremento de IgAs e IgG sérica. Se evidencia elefecto positivo de los glucanos sobre la inmunidad, la salud y expresión de caracteres productivosindependientemente de la formulación elaborada, el esquema de aplicación empleado y la especie. A partir delas evidencias experimentales de varios grupos de investigación, se señala un posible mecanismo de acciónque sustente los resultados. Los datos presentados demuestran las potencialidades del empleo de lasformulaciones en glucano en bovinos y ave