Komunitas ikan pada terumbu buatan untuk mendukung daerah penangkapan ikan alternatif di selat lembeh Kota Bitung Sulawesi Utara

Terumbu buatan merupakan salah satu dari sekian banyak alternatif yang dapat digunakan untuk mengurangi tekanan penangkapan ikan dan perusakan terumbu karang alami; melalui penciptaan daerah penangkapan ikan baru yang produktif. Namun informasi ilmiah seperti ini, khususnya pada ikan-ikan karang, belum banyak tersedia. Oleh karena itu, tujuan penelitian ini mempelajari komunitas ikan pada terumbu buatan, mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor lingkungan yang berpengaruh, dan menilai apakah terumbu buatan yang telah dibangun dapat mendukung suatu daerah penangkapan ikan alternatif. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Selat Lembeh Kota Bitung; yang didasarkan pada metode deskriptif. Sembilan unit terumbu buatan dikonstruksi dalam bentuk balok berlubang dan disusun menyerupai piramid di dasar laut. Struktur komunitas ikan pada terumbu buatan diamati dengan menggunakan teknik underwater visual census (UVC) oleh dua orang SCUBA divers setiap minggu selama sebulan. Jumlah total ikan yang berasosiasi dengan terumbu buatan selama 4 kali pengamatan adalah 382 individu; terdiri dari14 famili, 18 genus dan 24 spesies. Kelimpahan spesies dinilai dengan indeks keragaman (2,57), indeks kekayaan (3,87) dan indeks keseimbangan (0,544), tergolong kriteria sedang. Ikan target yang teramati berasosiasi dengan habitat baru sebanyak 88%; hal ini menunjukkan bahwa terumbu buatan yang telah dibangun dapat mendukung daerah penangkapan ikan alternatif di perairan yang lebih dalam

IbM Bantuan Hidup Dasar di SMAN 3 Tahuna Barat

Daerah Kepulauan Sangihe merupakan daerah kepulauan berbatasan dengan negara tetangga Filipina, memiliki 2 gunung berapi, teridiri dari pulau-pulau dan sungai-sungai yang bermuara kelaut. Fasilitas Kesehatan di daerah Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe yang dimiliki yaitu 1 Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah, Puskesmas-puskesmas, serta Puskesmas Pembantu. Tetapi ada beberapa daerah memiliki kesulitan akses ke fasilitas kesehatan. Pihak Mitra yaitu SMAN 3 Tahuna Barat belum pernah melaksanakan pelatihan kepada para muridnya mengenai Bantuan Hidup Dasar. SMAN 3 Tahuna Barat berlokasi di desa Kolongan Kecamatan Tahuna Barat yang berjarak 4 KM dari kampus Politeknik Negeri Nusa Utara. Daerah Kolongan ini merupakan lokasi bencana terparah pada bulan Mei tahun 2016 saat Longsor dan Banjir Bandang terjadi di daerah Sangihe. Begitu banyak rumah penduduk hilang tersapu banjir, putusnya akses jalan dan jembatan sehingga ada sedikit hambatan pada pemberian bantuan. Daerah yang rawan bencana seperti ini membutuhkan fasilitas kesehatan yang memadai dan tim kesehatan yang cepat meresponi kebutuhanrakyat. Masyarakat awam pun perlu dibekali dengan pengetahuan dan keterampilan untuk memberikan batuan hidup dasar bagi yang membutuhkan. Untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan ini, maka Tim pengabdian pada Masyarakat POLNUSTAR melaksanakan seminar untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan siswa dan juga workshop agar mereka dapat mempraktekkan langsung dan diharapkan mampu melakukan tindakan Bantuan Hidup Dasar kepada orang yang membutuhkan. Pelatihan ini dilaksanakan selama 2 hari di SMAN 3 Tahuna Barat, peserta ialah seluruh siswa kelas 1 yang berjumlah 21 orang. Kegiatan Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat berjalan dengan baik, sesuai dengan yang diharapkan. Tidak ada hambatan yang berarti selama proses pelaksanaan kegiatan yang dimaksud. Berdasarkan hasil evaluasi (pretest – post test), ada peningkatan 18,1% pengetahuan peserta pelatihan, dan penguasaan keterampilan yang sangat baik oleh peserta. Diharapkan pelatihan seperti ini bisa dilakukan pada masyarakat yang belum pernah mengikuti pelatihan ini, dan dibentuk desa Siaga Bencana

Pengaruh Endorser Dian Sastro Iklan Zwitsal Terhadap Pembelian Produk Pada Toko Swalayan Di Kota Manado

Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi dimana sebuah iklan harus dikemas semenarik mungkin agar khalayak atau calon konsumen tertarik melihat iklan dan mau memakai produk yang diiklankan. Ada iklan yang dibuat tetapi tidak mempertimbangkan kehadiran dari pendukung (endorser), iklan hanya dibuat begitu saja tanpa adanya endorser, sehingga khalayak kurang atau tidak tertarik untuk melihat produk iklan yang diiklankan, bahkan kebanyakan khalayak mengganti channel televisi ketika iklan-iklan mulai ditayangkan, yang menjadi masalahnya dalam setiap penayangan iklan kurangnya minat khalayak untuk melihat iklan-iklan. Karena itu, kehadiran endorser yang tepat perlu diperhatikan agar iklan yang ditayangkan mau dilihat oleh khalayak dan khalayak mau memakai produk yang diiklankan. Adapun beberapa iklan yang dibuat dengan menggunakan endorser tetapi tidak memperhatikan kredibilitas dari endorser, dimana kredibilitas endorser terdapat aspek yang didalamnya adalah kepercayaan, keahlian dan daya Tarik. Jadi, pemilihan endorser sebaiknya bukan hanya dilihat dari fisiknya atau karena endorsernya artis yang sedang naik daun atau yang sedang populer saja karena, tidak semua model memiliki kredibilitas endorser yang sesuai dengan produk yang akan diiklankan.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Korelasional Kuantitatif. Populasi berjumlah 40 orang, semua dijadikan sampel. Teknik analisis data yaitu korelasi product moment dan regresi linier sederhana.Hasil perhitungan menunjukkan terdapat hubungan signifikan antara variabel dependen dan independen, melalui “uji t” dimana nilai "" = 7,56 jauh lebih besar dari nilai "" = 1,69 selanjutnya semakin diperjelas dengan nilai “ ” = 0,772 nilai korelasi terdapat hubungan yang “kuat”.. ”. Yaitu Pengaruh Endorser Dian Sastro Iklan Zwitsal Terhadap Pembelian Produk Pada Toko Swalayan di Kota Manado

Effects on the estimated cause-specific mortality fraction of providing physician reviewers with different formats of verbal autopsy data

Background: The process of data collection and the methods used to assign the cause of death vary significantly among different verbal autopsy protocols, but there are few data to describe the consequences of the choices made. The aim of this study was to objectively define the impact of the format of data presented to physician reviewers on the cause-specific mortality fractions defined by a verbal autopsy-based mortality-surveillance system.Methods: Verbal autopsies were done by primary health care workers for all deaths between October 2006 and September 2007 in a community in rural Andhra Pradesh, India (total population about 180,162). Each questionnaire had a structured section, composed of a series of check boxes, and a free-text section, in which a narrative description of the events leading to death was recorded. For each death, a physician coder was presented first with one section and then the other in random order with a 20- to 40-day interval between. A cause of death was recorded for each data format at the level of ICD 10 chapter headings or else the death was documented as unclassified. After another 20- to 40-day interval, both the structured and free-text sections of the questionnaire were presented together and an index cause of death was assigned.Results: In all, 1,407 verbal autopsies were available for analysis, representing 94% of all deaths recorded in the population that year. An index cause of death was assigned using the combined data for 1,190 with the other 217 remaining unclassified. The observed cause-specific mortality fractions were the same regardless of whether the structured, free-text or combined data sources were used. At the individual level, the assignments made using the structured format matched the index in 1,012 (72%) of cases with a kappa statistic of 0.66. For the free-text format, the corresponding figures were 989 (70%) and 0.64.Conclusions: The format of the verbal autopsy data used to assign a cause of death did not substantively influence the pattern of mortality estimated. Substantially abbreviated and simplified verbal autopsy questionnaires might provide robust information about high-level mortality patterns. © 2011 Joshi et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd

Designing verbal autopsy studies

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Verbal autopsy analyses are widely used for estimating cause-specific mortality rates (CSMR) in the vast majority of the world without high-quality medical death registration. Verbal autopsies -- survey interviews with the caretakers of imminent decedents -- stand in for medical examinations or physical autopsies, which are infeasible or culturally prohibited.</p> <p>Methods and Findings</p> <p>We introduce methods, simulations, and interpretations that can improve the design of automated, data-derived estimates of CSMRs, building on a new approach by King and Lu (2008). Our results generate advice for choosing symptom questions and sample sizes that is easier to satisfy than existing practices. For example, most prior effort has been devoted to searching for symptoms with high sensitivity and specificity, which has rarely if ever succeeded with multiple causes of death. In contrast, our approach makes this search irrelevant because it can produce unbiased estimates even with symptoms that have very low sensitivity and specificity. In addition, the new method is optimized for survey questions caretakers can easily answer rather than questions physicians would ask themselves. We also offer an automated method of weeding out biased symptom questions and advice on how to choose the number of causes of death, symptom questions to ask, and observations to collect, among others.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>With the advice offered here, researchers should be able to design verbal autopsy surveys and conduct analyses with greatly reduced statistical biases and research costs.</p

The soft mechanical signature of glial scars in the central nervous system

Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) alters the molecular and cellular composition of neural tissue and leads to glial scarring, which inhibits the regrowth of damaged axons. Mammalian glial scars supposedly form a chemical and mechanical barrier to neuronal regeneration. While tremendous effort has been devoted to identifying molecular characteristics of the scar, very little is known about its mechanical properties. Here we characterize spatiotemporal changes of the elastic stiffness of the injured rat neocortex and spinal cord at 1.5 and three weeks post-injury using atomic force microscopy. In contrast to scars in other mammalian tissues, CNS tissue significantly softens after injury. Expression levels of glial intermediate filaments (GFAP, vimentin) and extracellular matrix components (laminin, collagen IV) correlate with tissue softening. As tissue stiffness is a regulator of neuronal growth, our results may help to understand why mammalian neurons do not regenerate after injury.We are grateful for financial support by the Herchel Smith Foundation and Wellcome Trust-MIT Fellowships to E.M., an EMBO Long-Term Fellowship (ALTF 1263-2015; European Commission FP7 (Marie Curie Actions, LTFCOFUND2013, GA-2013- 609409)) to I.P.W., the German National Academic Foundation (Scholarship to D.E.K.) and the UK Medical Research Council (Career Development Award G1100312/1 to K.F.)

Epidemiologic application of verbal autopsy to investigate the high occurrence of cancer along Huai River Basin, China

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In 2004, the media repeatedly reported water pollution and "cancer villages" along the Huai River in China. Due to the lack of death records for more than 30 years, a retrospective survey of causes of death using verbal autopsy was carried out to investigate cancer rates in this area.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>An epidemiologic study was designed to compare numbers of deaths and causes of death between the study areas with water pollution and the control areas without water pollution in S County and Y District in 2005. The study areas were selected based on the distribution of the Huai River and its tributaries. Verbal autopsy was used to assist cause of death (COD) diagnoses and to verify mortality rates. The standard mortality rates (SMRs) of cancer in the study area were compared with those in the control areas. In order to verify the difference between mortality rates due to cancers in the study and the control areas, patients who reported having cancer in the survey received a second diagnosis by national and provincial oncologists with pathological and laboratory examinations. Comparisons were made to determine if differential cancer prevalence rates in the study and control areas were similar to the difference in mortality due to cancer in these study and control areas. Mortality rates of cancers in study and control areas were also compared with national statistics for the rural population of China.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Over five years, 3,301 deaths were identified, including 1,158 cancer deaths. The annual average SMRs of cancer in the study areas of S County and Y District were 277.8/100,000 and 223.6/100,000, respectively, which is three to four times higher than those in the control areas. In addition, a total of 626 cases of cancer in the study and control areas were confirmed. The prevalence rates of cancer were 545/100,000 and 128.1/100,000 per year in the study and control areas in S County, respectively, and 440.9/100,000 and 200/100,000 per year in the study and control areas in Y District, respectively. The mortality and prevalence rates of digestive cancers were higher in the study areas than the control areas. In 2000, the SMR for cancer in rural areas nationwide was 120.9/100,000, and in study areas in S County and Y District, the excess rates of deaths were 184/100,000 and 138.8/100,000, respectively.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The death rates of digestive cancers were much higher in the study areas of S County and Y District. The patterns for between-area differences in prevalence and mortality rates of cancer were similar. Verbal autopsy is shown to be a useful tool in retrospective mortality surveys in low-resource areas with limited access to health care.</p

The quality and diagnostic value of open narratives in verbal autopsy: a mixed-methods analysis of partnered interviews from Malawi

Background Verbal autopsy (VA), the process of interviewing a deceased’s family or caregiver about signs and symptoms leading up to death, employs tools that ask a series of closed questions and can include an open narrative where respondents give an unprompted account of events preceding death. The extent to which an individual interviewer, who generally does not interpret the data, affects the quality of this data, and therefore the assigned cause of death, is poorly documented. We aimed to examine inter-interviewer reliability of open narrative and closed question data gathered during VA interviews. Methods During the introduction of VA data collection, as part of a larger study in Mchinji district, Malawi, we conducted partner interviews whereby two interviewers independently recorded open narrative and closed questions during the same interview. Closed questions were collected using a smartphone application (mobile-InterVA) and open narratives using pen and paper. We used mixed methods of analysis to evaluate the differences between recorded responses to open narratives and closed questions, causes of death assigned, and additional information gathered by open narrative. Results Eighteen partner interviews were conducted, with complete data for 11 pairs. Comparing closed questions between interviewers, the median number of differences was 1 (IQR: 0.5–3.5) of an average 65 answered; mean inter-interviewer concordance was 92 % (IQR: 92–99 %). Discrepancies in open narratives were summarized in five categories: demographics, history and care-seeking, diagnoses and symptoms, treatment and cultural. Most discrepancies were seen in the reporting of diagnoses and symptoms (e.g., malaria diagnosis); only one pair demonstrated no clear differences. The average number of clinical symptoms reported was 9 in open narratives and 20 in the closed questions. Open narratives contained additional information on health seeking and social issues surrounding deaths, which closed questions did not gather. Conclusions The information gleaned during open narratives was subject to inter-interviewer variability and contained a limited number of symptom indicators, suggesting that their use for assigning cause of death is questionable. However, they contained rich information on care-seeking, healthcare provision and social factors in the lead-up to death, which may be a valuable source of information for promoting accountable health services

Perinatal Mortality in Eastern Uganda: A Community Based Prospective Cohort Study

To achieve a child mortality reduction according to millennium development goal 4, it is necessary to considerably reduce neonatal mortality. We report stillbirth and early neonatal mortality risks as well as determinants of perinatal mortality in Eastern Uganda.A community-based prospective cohort study was conducted between 2006 and 2008. A total of 835 pregnant women were followed up for pregnancy outcome and survival of their children until 7 days after delivery. Mother's residence, age, parity, bed net use and whether delivery took place at home were included in multivariable regression analyses to identify risk factors for perinatal death.The stillbirth risk was 19 per 1,000 pregnancies and the early neonatal death risk 22 per 1,000 live births. Overall, the perinatal mortality risk was 41 [95%CI: 27, 54] per 1,000 pregnancies. Of the deaths, 47% followed complicated deliveries and 24% preterm births. Perinatal mortality was 63/1,000 pregnancies among teenage mothers, 76/1,000 pregnancies among nulliparous women and 61/1,000 pregnancies among women delivering at home who, after controlling for potential confounders, had a 3.7 (95%CI: 1.8, 7.4) times higher perinatal mortality than women who gave birth in a health facility. This association was considerably stronger among nulliparous women [RR 8.0 (95%CI: 2.9, 21.6)] than among women with a previous live birth [RR 1.8 (95%CI: 0.7, 4.5)]. All perinatal deaths occurred among women who did not sleep under a mosquito net. Women living in urban slums had a higher risk of losing their babies than those in rural areas [RR: 2.7 (95%CI: 1.4, 5.3)].Our findings strengthen arguments for ensuring that pregnant women have access to and use adequate delivery facilities and bed nets