Evolution of adaptation mechanisms: adaptation energy, stress, and oscillating death

In 1938, H. Selye proposed the notion of adaptation energy and published "Experimental evidence supporting the conception of adaptation energy". Adaptation of an animal to different factors appears as the spending of one resource. Adaptation energy is a hypothetical extensive quantity spent for adaptation. This term causes much debate when one takes it literally, as a physical quantity, i.e. a sort of energy. The controversial points of view impede the systematic use of the notion of adaptation energy despite experimental evidence. Nevertheless, the response to many harmful factors often has general non-specific form and we suggest that the mechanisms of physiological adaptation admit a very general and nonspecific description. We aim to demonstrate that Selye's adaptation energy is the cornerstone of the top-down approach to modelling of non-specific adaptation processes. We analyse Selye's axioms of adaptation energy together with Goldstone's modifications and propose a series of models for interpretation of these axioms. {\em Adaptation energy is considered as an internal coordinate on the `dominant path' in the model of adaptation}. The phenomena of `oscillating death' and `oscillating remission' are predicted on the base of the dynamical models of adaptation. Natural selection plays a key role in the evolution of mechanisms of physiological adaptation. We use the fitness optimization approach to study of the distribution of resources for neutralization of harmful factors, during adaptation to a multifactor environment, and analyse the optimal strategies for different systems of factors

The multiplicity and the spectra of secondaries correlated with the leading particle energy

The spectra of leading particles of different nature in pp-collisions at E sub 0 = 33 GeV are obtained. The multiplicities and the spectra of secondaries, mesons, gamma-quanta, lambda and lambda-hyperons and protons for different leading particle energy ranges are determined

The effect of the relative nuclear size on the nucleus-nucleus interactions

The experimental data on the interactions of light nuclei (d, He(4), C(12)) at the momentum 4.2 GeV/cA with the carbon nuclei were taken in the 2-m propane bubble chamber. The distributions in the number of interacting nucleons, the spectra of protons, the mean energies of secondary pions and protons, the mean fractions of energy transferred to the pion and nucleon components are presented. The results of the investigation of the mechanism of nucleus-nucleus interactions can be used to calculate the nuclear cascades in the atmosphere

On the T-Odd Quark Fragmentation Function and on Transversal Handedness

The first probe of the correlation of the T-odd one-particle fragmentation function responsible for the left--right asymmetry of fragmentation of a transversely polarized quark is done by using the 1991-95 DELPHI data for $Z\to 2$-jet decay. Integrated over the fraction of longitudinal and transversal momenta, this correlation is of 1.5% order, which means order of 13% for the analyzing power. A rather large ($\approx 10$) handedness transversal to the production plane was observed in the diffractive production of ($\pi^-\pi^+\pi^-$) triples from nuclei by the $40 GeV/c \pi^-$--beam. It was shown that the phenomenon has a clear dynamic origin and resembles the single spin asymmetry behavior. All this makes us hope to use this effects in polarized DIS experiments for transversity measurement.Comment: 10 pp, 5 epsfig, Latex 2e, szjp.cls, epsfig.sty, wrapfig.sty included. Talk in "Spin and Symmetry - Praha98". To be published in Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, Supp

Hadronization corrections to helicity components of the fragmentation function

In the hadronic decays of Z, gluon emission leads to the appearance of the longitudinal component of the fragmentation function, F_L. Measurement of F_L and the transverse component, F_T, could thus provide an insight into the gluon fragmentation function. However, hadronization corrections at low x can be significant. Here we present a method of accounting for such corrections, using the JETSET event generator as illustration.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figure

Multipolar second-harmonic generation from high-Q quasi-BIC states in subwavelength resonators

We put forward the multipolar model which captures the physics behind linear and nonlinear response driven by high-quality (high-Q) supercavity modes in subwavelength particles. We show that the formation of such trapped states associated with bound states in the continuum (quasi-BIC) can be understood through multipolar transformations of coupled leaky modes. The quasi-BIC state appears with increasing the order of the dominating multipole, where dipolar losses are completely suppressed. The efficient optical coupling to this state in the AlGaAs nanodisk is implemented via azimuthally polarized beam illumination matching its multipolar origin. We establish a one-to-one correspondence between the standard phenomenological non-Hermitian coupled-mode theory and multipolar models. The derived multipolar composition of the generated second-harmonic radiation from the AlGaAs nanodisk is then validated with full-wave numerical simulations. Back-action of the second-harmonic radiation onto the fundamental frequency is taken into account in the coupled nonlinear model with pump depletion. A hybrid metal-dielectric nanoantenna is proposed to augment the conversion efficiency up to tens of per cent due to increasing quality factors of the involved resonant states. Our findings delineate novel promising strategies in the design of functional elements for nonlinear nanophotonics applications

Desarrollo de contenidos de capacitación para estudiantes de maestría en el curso "mecatrónica y robótica" en la Universidad

In the conditions of active development of Informatization and technologization of society there is urgent need for specialists carrying out pedagogical activity with the help of mechanical systems and robotics. The purpose of the article is to identify the features of content development for training master students in course "Mechatronics and Robotics" at pedagogical University. On the basis of Federal state educational standard, relevant documentation and necessary methodological support were prepared in higher educational institution. The article presents the process of developing the content of training masters in course "Mechanics and robotics". The development of a new profile of training is based on competence, activity and system approaches taking into account aspects of personal-oriented training and practice focus. On the basis of Federal state educational standard basic educational program, modules of educational programs, test content and methodical support are developed. The article reveals requirements and procedure for the development of theoretical content of training, as well as educational and industrial practices.En las condiciones de desarrollo activo de la informatización y la tecnologización de la sociedad, existe una necesidad urgente de especialistas que realicen actividades pedagógicas con la ayuda de sistemas mecánicos y robótica. El propósito del artículo es identificar las características del desarrollo de contenido para la formación de estudiantes de maestría en el curso "Mecatrónica y robótica" en la Universidad pedagógica. Sobre la base del estándar educativo del estado federal, se preparó la documentación relevante y el apoyo metodológico necesario en la institución de educación superior. El artículo presenta el proceso de desarrollo del contenido de los maestros de formación en el curso "Mecánica y robótica". El desarrollo de un nuevo perfil de capacitación se basa en los enfoques de competencia, actividad y sistema, teniendo en cuenta aspectos de la capacitación orientada al personal y el enfoque práctico. Sobre la base del programa educativo básico del estándar educativo estatal federal, se desarrollan módulos de programas educativos, contenido de pruebas y apoyo metódico. El artículo revela requisitos y procedimientos para el desarrollo del contenido teórico de la capacitación, así como las prácticas educativas e industriales

Dynamic and Thermodynamic Models of Adaptation

The concept of biological adaptation was closely connected to some mathematical, engineering and physical ideas from the very beginning. Cannon in his "The wisdom of the body" (1932) used the engineering vision of regulation. In 1938, Selye enriched this approach by the notion of adaptation energy. This term causes much debate when one takes it literally, i.e. as a sort of energy. Selye did not use the language of mathematics, but the formalization of his phenomenological theory in the spirit of thermodynamics was simple and led to verifiable predictions. In 1980s, the dynamics of correlation and variance in systems under adaptation to a load of environmental factors were studied and the universal effect in ensembles of systems under a load of similar factors was discovered: in a crisis, as a rule, even before the onset of obvious symptoms of stress, the correlation increases together with variance (and volatility). During 30 years, this effect has been supported by many observations of groups of humans, mice, trees, grassy plants, and on financial time series. In the last ten years, these results were supplemented by many new experiments, from gene networks in cardiology and oncology to dynamics of depression and clinical psychotherapy. Several systems of models were developed: the thermodynamic-like theory of adaptation of ensembles and several families of models of individual adaptation. Historically, the first group of models was based on Selye's concept of adaptation energy and used fitness estimates. Two other groups of models are based on the idea of hidden attractor bifurcation and on the advection--diffusion model for distribution of population in the space of physiological attributes. We explore this world of models and experiments, starting with classic works, with particular attention to the results of the last ten years and open questions.Comment: Review paper, 48 pages, 29 figures, 183 bibliography, the final version accepted in Phys Life Re