SUMO-1 regulates the conformational dynamics of Thymine-DNA Glycosylase regulatory domain and competes with its DNA binding activity

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The human thymine-DNA glycosylase (TDG) plays a dual role in base excision repair of G:U/T mismatches and in transcription. Regulation of TDG activity by SUMO-1 conjugation was shown to act on both functions. Furthermore, TDG can interact with SUMO-1 in a non-covalent manner.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Using NMR spectroscopy we have determined distinct conformational changes in TDG upon either covalent sumoylation on lysine 330 or intermolecular SUMO-1 binding through a unique SUMO-binding motif (SBM) localized in the C-terminal region of TDG. The non-covalent SUMO-1 binding induces a conformational change of the TDG amino-terminal regulatory domain (RD). Such conformational dynamics do not exist with covalent SUMO-1 attachment and could potentially play a broader role in the regulation of TDG functions for instance during transcription. Both covalent and non-covalent processes activate TDG G:U repair similarly. Surprisingly, despite a dissociation of the SBM/SUMO-1 complex in presence of a DNA substrate, SUMO-1 preserves its ability to stimulate TDG activity indicating that the non-covalent interactions are not directly involved in the regulation of TDG activity. SUMO-1 instead acts, as demonstrated here, indirectly by competing with the regulatory domain of TDG for DNA binding.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>SUMO-1 increases the enzymatic turnover of TDG by overcoming the product-inhibition of TDG on apurinic sites. The mechanism involves a competitive DNA binding activity of SUMO-1 towards the regulatory domain of TDG. This mechanism might be a general feature of SUMO-1 regulation of other DNA-bound factors such as transcription regulatory proteins.</p

Phosphorylation and O-GlcNAcylation of the PHF-1 Epitope of Tau Protein Induce Local Conformational Changes of the C-Terminus and Modulate Tau Self-Assembly Into Fibrillar Aggregates

Phosphorylation of the neuronal microtubule-associated Tau protein plays a critical role in the aggregation process leading to the formation of insoluble intraneuronal fibrils within Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brains. In recent years, other posttranslational modifications (PTMs) have been highlighted in the regulation of Tau (dys)functions. Among these PTMs, the O-β-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) modulates Tau phosphorylation and aggregation. We here focus on the role of the PHF-1 phospho-epitope of Tau C-terminal domain that is hyperphosphorylated in AD (at pS396/pS404) and encompasses S400 as the major O-GlcNAc site of Tau while two additional O-GlcNAc sites were found in the extreme C-terminus at S412 and S413. Using high resolution NMR spectroscopy, we showed that the O-GlcNAc glycosylation reduces phosphorylation of PHF-1 epitope by GSK3β alone or after priming by CDK2/cyclin A. Furthermore, investigations of the impact of PTMs on local conformation performed in small peptides highlight the role of S404 phosphorylation in inducing helical propensity in the region downstream pS404 that is exacerbated by other phosphorylations of PHF-1 epitope at S396 and S400, or O-GlcNAcylation of S400. Finally, the role of phosphorylation and O-GlcNAcylation of PHF-1 epitope was probed in in-vitro fibrillization assays in which O-GlcNAcylation slows down the rate of fibrillar assembly while GSK3β phosphorylation stimulates aggregation counteracting the effect of glycosylation.Peer Reviewe

SUMO-1 possesses DNA binding activity

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Conjugation of small ubiquitin-related modifiers (SUMOs) is a frequent post-translational modification of proteins. SUMOs can also temporally associate with protein-targets via SUMO binding motifs (SBMs). Protein sumoylation has been identified as an important regulatory mechanism especially in the regulation of transcription and the maintenance of genome stability. The precise molecular mechanisms by which SUMO conjugation and association act are, however, not understood.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>Using NMR spectroscopy and protein-DNA cross-linking experiments, we demonstrate here that SUMO-1 can specifically interact with dsDNA in a sequence-independent fashion. We also show that SUMO-1 binding to DNA can compete with other protein-DNA interactions at the example of the regulatory domain of Thymine-DNA Glycosylase and, based on these competition studies, estimate the DNA binding constant of SUMO1 in the range 1 mM.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This finding provides an important insight into how SUMO-1 might exert its activity. SUMO-1 might play a general role in destabilizing DNA bound protein complexes thereby operating in a bottle-opener way of fashion, explaining its pivotal role in regulating the activity of many central transcription and DNA repair complexes.</p

The elusive tau molecular structures: can we translate the recent breakthroughs into new targets for intervention?

Insights into tau molecular structures have advanced significantly in recent years. This field has been the subject of recent breakthroughs, including the first cryo-electron microscopy structures of tau filaments from Alzheimer’s and Pick’s disease inclusions, as well as the structure of the repeat regions of tau bound to microtubules. Tau structure covers various species as the tau protein itself takes many forms. We will here address a range of studies that help to define the many facets of tau protein structures and how they translate into pathogenic forms. New results shed light on previous data that need now to be revisited in order to up-date our knowledge of tau molecular structure. Finally, we explore how these data can contribute the important medical aspects of this research - diagnosis and therapeutics

Molecular Implication of PP2A and Pin1 in the Alzheimer's Disease Specific Hyperphosphorylation of Tau

Tau phosphorylation and dephosphorylation regulate in a poorly understood manner its physiological role of microtubule stabilization, and equally its integration in Alzheimer disease (AD) related fibrils. A specific phospho-pattern will result from the balance between kinases and phosphatases. The heterotrimeric Protein Phosphatase type 2A encompassing regulatory subunit PR55/Bα (PP2A(T55α)) is a major Tau phosphatase in vivo, which contributes to its final phosphorylation state. We use NMR spectroscopy to determine the dephosphorylation rates of phospho-Tau by this major brain phosphatase, and present site-specific and kinetic data for the individual sites including the pS202/pT205 AT8 and pT231 AT180 phospho-epitopes.We demonstrate the importance of the PR55/Bα regulatory subunit of PP2A within this enzymatic process, and show that, unexpectedly, phosphorylation at the pT231 AT180 site negatively interferes with the dephosphorylation of the pS202/pT205 AT8 site. This inhibitory effect can be released by the phosphorylation dependent prolyl cis/trans isomerase Pin1. Because the stimulatory effect is lost with the dimeric PP2A core enzyme (PP2A(D)) or with a phospho-Tau T231A mutant, we propose that Pin1 regulates the interaction between the PR55/Bα subunit and the AT180 phospho-epitope on Tau.Our results show that phosphorylation of T231 (AT180) can negatively influence the dephosphorylation of the pS202/pT205 AT8 epitope, even without an altered PP2A pool. Thus, a priming dephosphorylation of pT231 AT180 is required for efficient PP2A(T55α)-mediated dephosphorylation of pS202/pT205 AT8. The sophisticated interplay between priming mechanisms reported for certain Tau kinases and the one described here for Tau phosphatase PP2A(T55α) may contribute to the hyperphosphorylation of Tau observed in AD neurons

Etude des interactions entre la peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomérase Pin1 et la protéine microtubulaire Tau. Recherche d'inhibiteurs ciblant la liaison de Pin1 à ses substrats phosphorylés

Phosphorylation is a major cellular process involved in regulation of protein function controlling inter-molecular associations, enzymatic activity, or ligand binding. Isomerisation of Ser/Thr-Pro peptidic bonds, phosphorylated by Pro-directed kinases, mostly involved in cell cycle control, stands as a novel regulation mode of protein function. Both signalling pathways are tightly related to through enzymes catalyzing the cis/trans isomerization process in phosphorylated Ser/Thr-Pro motifs as Pin1-type peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases). Although Pin1 and homologous have an essential cellular role, their real molecular function remains still unclear. Molecular interactions between Pin1 and numerous phospho-proteins indicate a critical implication of Pin1 in cell cycle regulation and oncogenesis, and point out a relevant role as an emergent target in cancer treatment. Recently, interactions with the microtubule-associated Tau protein under its pathological hyperphosphorylated form, mediated by the unique phosphoThr231-Pro232 motif, could involve Pin1 in the regulation of Tau microtubule binding and in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuronal disorders.We have targeted the interactions between Pin1 and Tau using small peptidic substrates to study the molecular processes that could explain the functional role of Pin1. Interactions with substrates through the phosphorylated Ser/Thr-Pro motifs are double : a WW binding domain is responsible for the substrate binding and the PPIase-type catalytic domain accelerates the cis/trans isomerization of proline bonds. A NMR screening of various phosphoSer/Thr-Pro motifs encompassed in Tau protein points out a novel interacting site centered around the phosphoThr212-Pro213 motif, an AD-specific phosphorylation site. We have extended investigations with Pin1 at the Tau full-length protein level. As for most of Pin1 substrates, Tau is characterized by a global absence of structuration that limits NMR studies. A regulatory role on enzymatic activity was shown for the WW domain through a peptidic fragment of 40 residues containing both Thr231 and Thr212 phosphorylated sites. Interactions with a mutant mimicking the phosphorylated form of Tau have been detected with the Pin1 catalytic domain involving an NMR assignment of the Tau protein based on peptide assignments so called “peptide mapping”.Phosphorylation of the Pin1 WW domain associated with inhibition of the binding function plays a regulatory role in Pin1 activity in vivo. The non-phosphorylated active form of the protein is found in cancer cells and the phosphorylated inactive form in safe tissues. We have targeted interactions between Pin1 and phospho-peptides based on the synthesis of small-molecules mimicking the phosphoThr-Pro dipeptide and performing high resolution NMR to investigate potential ligands targeting the Pin1 WW binding domain that could mimic the inactive form of the protein.La phosphorylation constitue un mécanisme de régulation de la fonction biologique des protéines lié au contrôle des associations inter-moléculaires, de l'activité enzymatique ou de la liaison de ligands. L'isomérisation des liaisons Ser/Thr-Pro après phosphorylation par des kinases spécifiques, souvent impliquées dans le contrôle du cycle cellulaire, se présente comme un nouveau mode de régulation. Ces deux mécanismes de signalisation sont étroitement liés par l'intermédiaire d'enzymes catalysant l'isomérisation cis/trans des prolines au niveau de motifs Ser/Thr-Pro phosphorylés telles que les peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomérases de la famille de Pin1. Elles jouent un rôle cellulaire essentiel mais leur rôle moléculaire exact est encore mal connu. Les interactions moléculaires entre Pin1 et de nombreuses phospho-protéines mitotiques indiquent un rôle dans la régulation du cycle cellulaire et dans l'oncogénèse, et font de Pin1 une cible pharmacologique émergente dans le traitement des cancers. Récemment, des interactions avec la protéine microtubulaire Tau dans sa forme pathologique hyperphosphorylée, au niveau d'un site unique centré autour du motif Thr231-Pro232, pourraient impliquer Pin1 dans la régulation de la liaison de Tau aux microtubules et dans les phénomènes de neurodégénérescence observés dans la maladie d'Alzheimer.Nous avons ciblé les interactions entre Pin1 et la protéine Tau comme modèle de substrats pour une étude détaillée des mécanismes intervenant à l'échelle moléculaire, sur base de substrats peptidiques, qui permettraient d'expliquer le rôle fonctionnel de Pin1. L'interaction avec les substrats au travers des motifs Ser/Thr-Pro phosphorylés est double : un domaine de liaison WW permet la liaison du substrat et un domaine catalytique PPIase (peptidyl-prolyl isomérase) catalyse l'isomérisation cis/trans des prolines. Un criblage par RMN des différents motifs phospho-Ser/Thr-Pro au sein de la protéine Tau a permis de déterminer un nouveau site d'interaction centré autour du motif Thr212-Pro213, phosphorylé uniquement dans la forme pathologique de Tau. Nous avons étendu l'investigation des interactions avec Pin1 à l'échelle de la protéine Tau entière. Comme pour la plupart des régions protéiques impliquées dans les interactions avec Pin1, la protéine Tau se caractérise par une absence de structure globale qui limite considérablement les études par RMN. Un fragment peptidique de 40 acides aminés comprenant les sites Thr231 et Thr212 phosphorylés a permis de montrer un rôle régulateur du domaine WW dans l'activité enzymatique. Une première étude avec une protéine mutante mimant l'état phosphorylé de Tau a montré une interaction avec le domaine catalytique de Pin1 et a nécessité la mise au point préalable d'une technique d'attribution de la protéine Tau par RMN que nous avons appelé « mapping peptidique ».La phosphorylation du domaine WW de Pin1 est associée à l'inhibition de la liaison des substrats et joue un rôle dans la régulation de l'activité de Pin1 in vivo. La forme non phosphorylée active de Pin1 est retrouvée majoritairement dans les cellules cancéreuses et la forme phosphorylée inactive dans les cellules saines. Nous avons envisagé de cibler les interactions entre Pin1 et les phospho-peptides avec la synthèse de molécules organiques mimant le dipeptide phosphoThr-Pro et la mise en œuvre d'un test de criblage par RMN pour l'obtention d'inhibiteurs ciblant le domaine WW de Pin1 qui pourraient mimer la forme inactive de la protéine

Deciphering the Structure and Formation of Amyloids in Neurodegenerative Diseases With Chemical Biology Tools

International audienceProtein aggregation into highly ordered, regularly repeated cross-β sheet structures called amyloid fibrils is closely associated to human disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, or systemic diseases like type II diabetes. Yet, in some cases, such as the HET-s prion, amyloids have biological functions. High-resolution structures of amyloids fibrils from cryo-electron microscopy have very recently highlighted their ultrastructural organization and polymorphisms. However, the molecular mechanisms and the role of co-factors (posttranslational modifications, non-proteinaceous components and other proteins) acting on the fibril formation are still poorly understood. Whether amyloid fibrils play a toxic or protective role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases remains to be elucidated. Furthermore, such aberrant protein-protein interactions challenge the search of small-molecule drugs or immunotherapy approaches targeting amyloid formation. In this review, we describe how chemical biology tools contribute to new insights on the mode of action of amyloidogenic proteins and peptides, defining their structural signature and aggregation pathways by capturing their molecular details and conformational heterogeneity. Challenging the imagination of scientists, this constantly expanding field provides crucial tools to unravel mechanistic detail of amyloid formation such as semisynthetic proteins and small-molecule sensors of conformational changes and/or aggregation. Protein engineering methods and bioorthogonal chemistry for the introduction of protein chemical modifications are additional fruitful strategies to tackle the challenge of understanding amyloid formation

Direct Crosstalk Between O-GlcNAcylation and Phosphorylation of Tau Protein Investigated by NMR Spectroscopy

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The O-β-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation of the Lamin B receptor and its impact on DNA binding and phosphorylation

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