Variation of Cross-Sectional Properties Within Single Norway Spruce Tracheids

The variation of cross-sectional tracheid properties along the tracheid length axis was studied in two Norway spruce (Picea abies) samples with varying cambium maturity. Twenty tracheids from both samples were measured for tracheid cross-sectional cell-wall area (A), perimeter (P), cell-wall thickness, and cross-sectional compactness (4πA/P2) at intervals of 5% of tracheid length using a confocal laser scanning microscope.Tracheid dimensions were largest in the middle parts of the tracheid. The rate of change was greatest in the vicinity of the tracheid tips. The cross-sectional compactness was quite invariant along the tracheid length axis. Tracheids were symmetrical with respect to their midpoint, and this symmetry was not affected by cambium maturity. The most representative location along the tracheid length axis for the mean of the whole tracheid appeared to be around 20% of tracheid length from tracheid tip. The results were consistent between the samples. On the average, the deviation from the mean varied from -60% (near tracheid tip) to +30% (middle of the tracheid), depending on the property in question. Naturally, the former deviation further increases towards the tracheid tips.Tracheid-to-tracheid correlations between the tracheid properties were not affected by the location of the measurement point within the tracheid length axis. The only exceptions were the locations near the tracheid tip, which often resulted in erroneous correlations

Pits as Natural Irregularities in Softwood Fibers

Parameters for pit size, shape, orientation, and density, and their correlations with fiber dimensions in Scots pine and Norway spruce fibers were determined. Bordered pits were smaller with greater cross-sectional fiber area, and more circular the wider the fibers. Angular pit orientation became more transverse in pine fibers, and pit density increased in both species with fiber width. Normalized pit size and pit density increased towards fiber tips, especially in thin-walled pine fibers. These observations can be explained by the developing process and the functional role of tracheids in wood. The appearance of pits as stress-enhancing irregularities in fiber structure should be considered in fiber-network theories predicting paper properties, as well as in the measurement of the mechanical properties of fibers

Two Scales of Variation in Norway Spruce Tracheid Properties

Variation in Norway spruce (Picea abies) tracheid properties is studied on two different scales:within and among specimens consisting of five annual rings. Within-specimen variation dominates the overall variability within a genotype. An exception is the variation in tracheid length, which is stronger among specimens. All variables describing the size-scale of tracheids, as well as the oblongness of tracheids, are found to be interdependent among specimens. Cross-sectional circumference and cross-sectional compactness are negatively interdependent, particularly within specimens. The latter relationship becomes more pronounced with increased cambium maturity. Combinations of tracheid properties, achievable using different screening and fractionation techniques, are reported. Apart from wood classification, tracheid oblongness can be controlled by screening with respect to tracheid length. Tracheid compactness can be effectively controlled by hydrodynamic fractionation

Avaliação institucional integrada na educação superior comunitária: a experiência do Paiung

This article aims at presenting the history of Paiung Institutional Evaluation Program of Communitarian Universities of Rio Grande do Sul. It is about a historical rescue of all actions concerning integrated institutional evaluation, developed by the body of communitarian institutions of higher education, along more than fifteen years. Besides, it points out the pioneering work of these institutions on acknowledging the role of self-evaluation procedures for higher education improvement.Key-words: communitarian university; evaluation; quality.Este artigo tem por objetivo explicitar a história do Paiung - Programa de Avaliação Institucional das Universidades do Comung - Consórcio das Universidades Comunitárias do Rio Grande do Sul. Constitui-se de um resgate histórico de todas as ações de avaliação institucional integrada, desenvolvidas pelo conjunto das instituições comunitárias de educação superior, ao longo de mais de quinze anos. Além disso, evidencia o pioneirismo dessas instituições no reconhecimento do papel dos processos de auto-avaliação para a qualificação da educação superior.Palavras-chave: universidade comunitária; avaliação; qualidade

Efficient Distributed Algorithm Using Association Rule Mining For Large Database

Day by day data is increasing due to effectively computerization, implementation, and digitization in various sectors i.e. science, research, industry, business and many other areas. Data mining is the process of extracting valuable and useful information from this very large database. Association rule is a concept in which buyer usually by a specific combination of different products together while association rule mining is an important technique to show relationship between various items stored in the database. In this paper we take one master tree called root and various branches process the database rather than a multiple FP-tree

Research letter : Oncological treatment reported by the Finnish Cancer Registry compared to given neoadjuvant treatment in patients undergoing esophagectomy for cancer-A nationwide study

Peer reviewe

Sosiaalityöntekijän harkintavallan käyttö ehkäisevän toimeentulotuen päätöksenteossa

Artikkelissa tarkastellaan, millaisena sosiaalityöntekijöiden harkintavallan käyttö ilmenee ehkäisevän toimeentulotuen päätöksenteossa. Aineistona käytetään kahden sosiaalityöntekijöistä koostuvan ryhmän ryhmäkeskusteluaineistoa. Analyysissä sosiaalityöntekijöiden harkintavallan käyttö rakentuu professionaalisuuden, byrokraattisuuden ja asiakkuuden välisessä vuorovaikutuksessa kolmeen ulottuvuuteen: objektivoivaan ja vastuuttavaan harkintavaltaan, tietoa konstruoivaan ja arvottavaan harkintavaltaan sekä subjektivoivaan ja huolta pitävään harkintavaltaan. Ne eivät ole toisiaan poissulkevia, vaan ilmenevät päällekkäisinä ja tosiaan haastavina. Harkintavalta luo päätöksenteosta jännitteisen kentän, jossa sosiaalityöntekijät arvioivat yksilökohtaisten ratkaisujen ja asiakkaiden yhdenvertaisuuden ja samalle viivalle asettamisen dilemmaa. Siihen, miten sosiaalityöntekijät käyttävät asiakastyössä harkintavaltaa, vaikuttavat erilaiset sosiaalityön professionaaliset käytännöt ja niissä läsnä olevat hallintavallan ulottuvuudet

Hakkuukoneen mittaustarkkuuden ylläpito

Puutavaranmittauksen neuvottelukunta. Suositus. 12.9.2018201

Tukkimittareiden manuaalisen tarkastusmittauksen mittaussuunta

Puutavaranmittauksen neuvottelukunta. Suositus. 9.11.2018201

Vaakojen mittaustarkkuuden ylläpito puutavaranmittauksessa

Suositus 25.4.201