119 research outputs found
Hydrogen slush density reference system
A hydrogen slush density reference system was designed for calibration of field-type instruments and/or transfer standards. The device is based on the buoyancy principle of Archimedes. The solids are weighed in a low-mass container so arranged that solids and container are buoyed by triple-point liquid hydrogen during the weighing process. Several types of hydrogen slush density transducers were developed and tested for possible use as transfer standards. The most successful transducers found were those which depend on change in dielectric constant, after which the Clausius-Mossotti function is used to relate dielectric constant and density
Predicting the severity of the grass pollen season and the effect of climate change in Northwest Europe
Allergic rhinitis is an inflammation in the nose caused by overreaction of the immune system to allergens in the air. Managing allergic rhinitis symptoms is challenging and requires timely intervention. The following are major questions often posed by those with allergic rhinitis: How should I prepare for the forthcoming season? How will the season's severity develop over the years? No country yet provides clear guidance addressing these questions. We propose two previously unexplored approaches for forecasting the severity of the grass pollen season on the basis of statistical and mechanistic models. The results suggest annual severity is largely governed by preseasonal meteorological conditions. The mechanistic model suggests climate change will increase the season severity by up to 60%, in line with experimental chamber studies. These models can be used as forecasting tools for advising individuals with hay fever and health care professionals how to prepare for the grass pollen season
Habitat Associations of Fish Species of Greatest Conservation Need at Multiple Spatial Scales in Wadeable Iowa Streams
Fish and habitat data were collected from 84 wadeable stream reaches in the Mississippi River drainage of Iowa to predict the occurrences of seven fish species of greatest conservation need and to identify the relative importance of habitat variables measured at small (e.g., depth, velocity, and substrate) and large (e.g., stream order, elevation, and gradient) scales in terms of their influence on species occurrences. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to predict fish species occurrences, starting with all possible combinations of variables (5 large-scale variables, 13 small-scale variables, and all 18 variables) but limiting the final models to a maximum of five variables. Akaikeâs information criterion was used to rank candidate models, weight model parameters, and calculate model-averaged predictions. On average, the correct classification rate (CCR = 80%) and Cohenâs kappa (Îș = 0.59) were greatest for multiple-scale models (i.e., those including both large-scale and small-scale variables), intermediate for small-scale models (CCR = 75%; Îș = 0.49), and lowest for large-scale models (CCR = 73%; Îș = 0.44). The occurrence of each species was associated with a unique combination of large-scale and small-scale variables. Our results support the necessity of understanding factors that constrain the distribution of fishes across spatial scales to ensure that management decisions and actions occur at the appropriate scale
Ultrafast-ultrafine probing of high-speed electrical waveforms using a scanning force microscope with photoconductive gating
Picosecond photoconductivity in low-temperature-grown GaAs (LT GaAs) has been used to provide temporal resolution both in rigid probes and in scanning force microscope probes. This article reviews the fabrication and use of such probes. 2.5 ps temporal resolution and few microvolts sensitivity are obtained at arbitrary points on circuits with a spatial definition of 100 nm. Rigid probes are tested in application to analogue and digital circuits. As an alternative to electron beam testing, scanning force probes are applied to in situ imaging and waveform measurement. Finally, the use of time-resolved waveform analysis with scanning-force microscopy probes with semiconductor laser sources is demonstrated.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43337/1/11082_2004_Article_BF00820152.pd
Dakota GoldÂź-brand dried distillerâs grains with solubles in finishing cattle diets: a preharvest strategy against acid resistant Escherichia coli and coliforms?
Trial 1. Finishing beef heifers (345
head) were used in a 153-day finishing trial
to evaluate the effects of feeding six levels
of Dakota GoldÂź-brand dried distillerâs
grains with solubles (DDGS): 0%, 15%,
30%, 45%, 60%, 75% (dry basis), on the
number of acid resistant E. coli and
coliforms. Fecal grab samples were taken
on day 65 and day 100, 2 and 20 hours
after feeding, and were analyzed for acid
resistant E. coli and total coliforms, as well
as pH and VFA. There was a significant
linear increase in fecal pH with increased
DDGS at both 2 and 20 hours post-feeding
(P<0.05). Total coliforms and acid
resistant E. coli at 2 and 20 hours
postfeeding were not affected by dietary
treatment (P>0.05). Total fecal VFAs were
not affected by dietary treatment or hour
sampled after feeding (P>0.05)
Trial 2. Trial 2 was conducted on
ruminally fistulated Jersey steers (18 head)
using three levels of DDGS (0%, 30%,
75%). Rumen and fecal grab samples were
taken after 4-week adaptation periods on
three occasions after every animal had been
on each level of the diet and had been
sampled. Fecal and rumen samples were
taken 2, 4, 6, 8, 12,18, and 24 hours post-feeding.
Both fecal and rumen pH were
unaffected by dietary treatment, yet an hour
effect was noted. Dietary treatment had no
effect (P>0.05) on E. coli or total coliforms
cultured from rumen fluid or feces
Combinations of wet corn gluten feed and steam-flaked corn in finishing cattle diets: effects on acid-resistant E. Coli and coliforms, VFA Profiles and pH
Finishing beef steers (615 head) were
used in a 152-day experiment to evaluate the
effects of feeding 80:0, 60:30 or 30:60 ratios
(dry basis) of steam-flaked corn and wet corn
gluten feed (WCGF, 30WCGF, 60WCGF)
on acid-resistant E. coli and coliforms. On
days 114 to 118 ruminal and fecal samples
were collected from 180 steers and analyzed
for pH, VFA, and total and acid-resistant
Escherichia coli (E. coli) and coliforms.
Ruminal (P=0.13) and fecal (P=0.10) VFA
tended to decrease linearly as CGF
increased. Consequently, there was a corresponding
numerical linear increase in
ruminal pH and a significant linear increase
in fecal pH (P<0.05). Total and acid-resistant
E. coli and coliforms, however, were not
affected (P>0.10) by dietary treatment
Analysis of the energy weighted angular correlations in hadronic e e annihilations at 22 and 34 GeV
CELLO Collaboration.SIGLEDEGerman
The influence of fragmentation models on the determination of the strong coupling constant in e e annihilation into hadrons
CELLO collaborationSIGLEDEGerman
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