Rehabilitative treatment of cleft lip and palate: experience of the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies - USP (HRAC-USP) - Part 2: Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics

The aim of this article is to present the pediatric dentistry and orthodontic treatment protocol of rehabilitation of cleft lip and palate patients performed at the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies - University of São Paulo (HRAC-USP). Pediatric dentistry provides oral health information and should be able to follow the child with cleft lip and palate since the first months of life until establishment of the mixed dentition, craniofacial growth and dentition development. Orthodontic intervention starts in the mixed dentition, at 8-9 years of age, for preparing the maxillary arch for secondary bone graft procedure (SBGP). At this stage, rapid maxillary expansion is performed and a fixed palatal retainer is delivered before SBGP. When the permanent dentition is completed, comprehensive orthodontic treatment is initiated aiming tooth alignment and space closure. Maxillary permanent canines are commonly moved mesially in order to substitute absent maxillary lateral incisors. Patients with complete cleft lip and palate and poor midface growth will require orthognatic surgery for reaching adequate anteroposterior interarch relationship and good facial esthetics

Accelerating the Evolution of Nonhuman Primate Neuroimaging

Nonhuman primate neuroimaging is on the cusp of a transformation, much in the same way its human counterpart was in 2010, when the Human Connectome Project was launched to accelerate progress. Inspired by an open data-sharing initiative, the global community recently met and, in this article, breaks through obstacles to define its ambitions

Comparaison de différentes méthodes de dosage des nitrates dans les extraits de sol. Influence du milieu d'extraction

Four nitrate determination methods were compared for 40 soil extracts: the DEVARDA method, potentiometry and two automized colorimetric methods reducing nitrate to nitrite, either by a mixture of copper sulfate and hydrazine sulfate or by a copperized cadmium column. Interactions with the extraction medium (2 N KCl, 0.01 N CaCl2 and 0.02 N CuSO4) were studied. They did not influence results by the DEVARDA method but were of particular importance for potentiometry and automatic reduction to nitrite. With autoanalysers, the best results, apparently free from interference, were obtained in the KCl extracts. Significant interference due to calcium and copper ions was established for the other two extraction media. However, except for the hydrazine method applied to CuSO4 extracts, the differences from the DEVARDA values were small and these extracts appear to be suitable for nitrate determinations by automatic reduction to nitrite. Potentiometric determinations were subject to severe interference, but this could be eliminated in CaCl2 extracts by lowering the pH to 4.5 with sulfuric acid. However this is not necessary for all electrode models, since these differ greatly in specificity. Lowering the pH to 4.5 in the CuSO4 extracts did not eliminate interference completely and significant differences from the DEVARDA method remained.Une comparaison de quatre méthodes de dosage des nitrates a été faite dans des extraits de quarante sols : la détermination directe à l’aide d’une électrode sélective, la méthode E DVARDA et deux méthodes automatiques basées sur la réduction des nitrates en nitrites, l’une par un mélange sulfate de cuivre-sulfate d’hydrazine,l’autre par une colonne de cadmium cuivré, et la colorimétrie des nitrites obtenus.L’influence du milieu d’extraction (KCI2 2 N, C 2aC’ 0,01 N et S 4CU00,02 N) sur les dosages de nitrates a été étudiée. Il a été vérifié qu’elle est nulle pour les dosages par la méthode E DVARDA et importante pour les autres méthodes. Les méthodes colorimétriques automatiques ont donné des résultats satisfaisants dans l’extrait KCl 2 N. Dans les extraits C 2aCI 0,01 N et S 4CU00,02 N, nous avons constaté des interférences liées à la présence des ions calciques et cuivriques. Cependant, à l’exception de la méthode à l’hydrazine dans l’extrait S,4CU0 les erreurs provoquées sont faibles pour les sols que nous avons étudiés et ces milieux semblent donc utilisables. Pour les dosages potentiométriques, nous avons constaté des interférences importantes qui peuvent être éliminées totalement dans l’extrait C 2aC’ 0,01 N par abaissement du pH à 4,5 par de l’acide sulfurique. Cette précaution n’est pas nécessaire pour tous les modèles d’électrode de mesure entre lesquels d’importantes différences de sélectivité sont mises en évidence. Dans les extraits S 4CU00,02 N, après abaissement du pH à 4,5, il subsiste une erreur dont nous n’expliquons pas l’origine

The Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study‐IV‐Pediatric (REDS‐IV‐P): A research program striving to improve blood donor safety and optimize transfusion outcomes across the lifespan

BackgroundThe Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study-IV-Pediatric (REDS-IV-P) is a new iteration of prior National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) REDS programs that focus on improving transfusion recipient outcomes across the lifespan as well as the safety and availability of the blood supply.Study design and methodsThe US program includes blood centers and hospitals (22 including 6 free-standing Children's hospitals) in four geographic regions. The Brazilian program has 5 participating hemocenters. A Center for Transfusion Laboratory Studies (CTLS) and a Data Coordinating Center (DCC) support synergistic studies and activities over the 7-year REDS-IV-P program.ResultsThe US is building a centralized, vein-to-vein (V2V) database, linking information collected from blood donors, their donations, the resulting manufactured components, and data extracts from hospital electronic medical records of transfused and non-transfused patients. Simultaneously, the Brazilian program is building a donor, donation, and component database. The databases will serve as the backbone for retrospective and prospective observational studies in transfusion epidemiology, transfusion recipient outcomes, blood component quality, and emerging blood safety issues. Special focus will be on preterm infants, patients with sickle cell disease, thalassemia or cancer, and the effect of donor biologic variability and component manufacturing on recipient outcomes. A rapid response capability to emerging safety threats has resulted in timely studies related to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2).ConclusionsThe REDS-IV-P program endeavors to improve donor-recipient-linked research with a focus on children and special populations while also maintaining the flexibility to address emerging blood safety issues

Threads of memory: Reproducing the cypress tree through sensual consumption

This paper is concerned with the ways in which a group of Persian women, who have all fled Iran in the last two decades, give meaning to place and memory through the everyday practices of cooking and embroidery. While there are many different localised arts of patterning and flavour, we focus here on the recurring pattern of bota (the Cypress tree). In particular, we examine how the bota motif links both the making of domestic sweets and cloths, and is central in recalling and remaking a sense of place. The Cypress tree symbolises life: the continuation of life in place, and the continuation of place in life. In creating and consuming the bota motif, through eating, laying tablecloths, wrapping towels, sitting on cushions and drawing curtains, embodied experiences of landscape and relationships are reproduced. The embroidery items entail and occasion sensual engagement in and of themselves, and also serve as backgrounds for specific sensual engagements, including, for example, as tablecloths upon which food will be served. Engagement with the bota pattern cannot be characterised along strictly divided sensual dimensions. Rather, we argue that the senses are intertwined in a synaesthetic knot in which memory is embodied and reproduced

A unified framework for estimating country-specific cumulative incidence for 18 diseases stratified by polygenic risk

Abstract Polygenic scores (PGSs) offer the ability to predict genetic risk for complex diseases across the life course; a key benefit over short-term prediction models. To produce risk estimates relevant to clinical and public health decision-making, it is important to account for varying effects due to age and sex. Here, we develop a novel framework to estimate country-, age-, and sex-specific estimates of cumulative incidence stratified by PGS for 18 high-burden diseases. We integrate PGS associations from seven studies in four countries (N = 1,197,129) with disease incidences from the Global Burden of Disease. PGS has a significant sex-specific effect for asthma, hip osteoarthritis, gout, coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes (T2D), with all but T2D exhibiting a larger effect in men. PGS has a larger effect in younger individuals for 13 diseases, with effects decreasing linearly with age. We show for breast cancer that, relative to individuals in the bottom 20% of polygenic risk, the top 5% attain an absolute risk for screening eligibility 16.3 years earlier. Our framework increases the generalizability of results from biobank studies and the accuracy of absolute risk estimates by appropriately accounting for age- and sex-specific PGS effects. Our results highlight the potential of PGS as a screening tool which may assist in the early prevention of common diseases