Lei 12.403/2011 : reflexões sobre o paradigma encarcerizador dominante

Orientador: Priscilla Plachá SáMonografia (graduação) - Universidade Federal do Paraná,Setor de Ciências Jurídicas, Curso de Graduação em DireitoResumo: Publicada no mês de maio de 2011, a Lei 12.403 tem o intuito de promover um novo enfoque no que diz respeito às medidas cautelares. Numa visão eminentemente instrumental, a prisão pode ser decretada antes da sentença penal condenatória, quando presentes os requisitos que a justifique. A lei objeto deste trabalho pretende romper com com o binário prisão preventiva/liberdade provisória, para conceder ao magistrado um rol de medidas alternativas a serem aplicadas quando a prisão se mostrar inadequada ou excessiva ao caso concreto. Propõe,também, limites circunstanciais, evidenciando um caráter verdadeiramente excepcional, admitindo-se a prisão somente em casos extremos, nos quais nenhuma outra medida se mostre eficaz. O principal problema surge quando a presunção de inocência passa a ser o princípio norteador do processo penal. Prisão cautelar e presunção de inocência são noções contrapostas, na medida em que esta determina que todo acusado deverá ser considerado inocente até a sentença condenatória transitada em julgado. Esta não impediria que o acusado seja preso antes de uma eventual condenação, no entanto, essa prisão deverá se revestir do caráter cautelar. Portanto, para que a prisão preventiva seja decretada, o juiz primeiro deverá verificar se o fato se encaixa dentro dos quais a lei permite a medida (art. 313 do CPP); segundo, se está presente o fumus comissi delicti; terceiro, se existe periculum libertatis, se a medida vai satisfazer a garantia da ordem pública ou da ordem econômica, assegurar a aplicação da lei penal ou a instrução criminal. Depois de analisados esses quesitos, a preventiva somente será decretada se as demais cautelares não se revelarem suficientes ou adequadas. Verifica-se uma tendência crescente ao rompimento com o cárcere, na medida em que o processo penal tem buscado condenações alternativas, como a substituição da pena privativa de liberdade por penas restritivas de direitos e/ou multa, vez que a prisão já não cumpre suas funções de ressocialização. Assim, manter o acusado preso durante o processo para, ao fim, ser posto em liberdade é um verdadeiro contrassens

Disseminated cryptococcosis with skin lesions: report of a case series

Cryptococcosis is a common fungal infection in immunocompromised patients, caused by genus Cryptococcus, presenting with meningitis, pneumonia, and skin lesions. Cutaneous presentation can be varied, but specifically in solid organ transplant recipients (iatrogenically immunocompromised), cryptococcosis should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of cellulitis-like lesions, since the delay in diagnosis leads to worse prognosis and fatal outcome. We report four cases of cryptococcosis with cutaneous manifestation not only for its rarity, but also to emphasize the important role of the dermatologist in the diagnosis of this disease.Univ Fed Sao Paulo EPM UNIFESP, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Pathol, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo EPM UNIFESP, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Pathol, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Low-temperature impedance spectroscopic analyses of ceramic electrodes based on Mo and Co co-doped SnO2

Low resistive electrodes based on Co and Mo co-doped SnO2 were prepared by the conventional solid-state reaction and sintered at 1250 °C for 2 h. Concentration of Co2O3 precursor was unchanged (1 mol%), while MoO3 was varied (0.25, 0.50 to 0.75 mol%) to promote conductivity. The structural and microstructural characterization revealed that the samples have a rutile-type structure without secondary phases and large rutile grains with low porosity. Electrical measurements on DC mode have shown a semiconductor behaviour of the SnO2 samples doped with 0.25 and 0.75 at. % of Mo at temperatures below 50 K, indicating their suitability for low-temperature electronic applications. Impedance measurements indicate reduced energy barriers of less than 1 meV formed between highly conductive crystallites for the SnO2 samples doped with 0.25 and 0.75 at. % of Mo. The sample with Mo content of 0.50 at. % presented a higher energy barrier at a few hundredths of eV, with space charges at the crystallite boundaries.Fil: Ferreira, Diego. Universidade Federal de Itajubá; BrasilFil: Vaz, Isabela. Universidade Federal de Itajubá; BrasilFil: Rubinger, Rero. Universidade Federal de Itajubá; BrasilFil: Buono, Camila. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales; ArgentinaFil: Rocha, Leandro. Universidade Federal do São Carlos; BrasilFil: Ponce, Miguel Adolfo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales; ArgentinaFil: Longo, Elson. Universidade Federal do São Carlos; BrasilFil: Simoes, Wilma Alexandre. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Moura, Francisco. Universidade Federal de Itajubá; Brasi

Genotyping And Descriptive Proteomics Of A Potential Zoonotic Canine Strain Of Giardia Duodenalis, Infective To Mice

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)The zoonotic potential of giardiasis, as proposed by WHO since the late 70's, has been largely confirmed in this century. The genetic assemblages A and B of Giardia duodenalis are frequently isolated from human and canine hosts. Most of the assemblage A strains are not infective to adult mice, which can limit the range of studies regarding to biology of G. duodenalis, including virulence factors and the interaction with host immune system. This study aimed to determine the infectivity in mice of an assemblage A Giardia duodenalis strain (BHFC1) isolated from a dog and to classify the strain in sub-assemblages (Al, All, AIII) through the phylogenetic analysis of beta-giardin (bg), triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) genes. In addition, the proteomic profile of soluble and insoluble protein fractions of trophozoites was analyzed by 2D-electrophoresis. Accordingly, trophozoites of BHFC1 were highly infective to Swiss mice. The phylogenetic analysis of tpi and gdh revealed that BHFC1 clustered to sub-assemblage Al. The proteomic map of soluble and insoluble protein fractions led to the identification of 187 proteins of G. duodenalis, 27 of them corresponding to hypothetical proteins. Considering both soluble and soluble fractions, the vast majority of the identified proteins (n = 82) were classified as metabolic proteins, mainly associated with carbon and lipid metabolism, including 53 proteins with catalytic activity. Some of the identified proteins correspond to antigens while others can be correlated with virulence. Besides a significant complementation to the proteomic data of G. duodenalis, these data provide an important source of information for future studies on various aspects of the biology of this parasite, such as virulence factors and host and pathogen interactions.1110CNPq (Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development)FAPEMIG (State Funding Agency of Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG))INCTV (National Institute of Science and Technology in Vaccines)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Pregnant Women in the Brazilian Amazon and the Risk Factors Associated with Prematurity and Low Birth Weight: A Descriptive Study

INTRODUCTION: Plasmodium vivax is the most prevalent malaria species in the American region. Brazil accounts for the higher number of the malaria cases reported in pregnant women in the Americas. This study aims to describe the characteristics of pregnant women with malaria in an endemic area of the Brazilian Amazon and the risk factors associated with prematurity and low birth weight (LBW). METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Between December 2005 and March 2008, 503 pregnant women with malaria that attended a tertiary health centre were enrolled and followed up until delivery and reported a total of 1016 malaria episodes. More than half of study women (54%) were between 20-29 years old, and almost a third were adolescents. The prevalence of anaemia at enrolment was 59%. Most women (286/503) reported more than one malaria episode and most malaria episodes (84.5%, 846/1001) were due to P. vivax infection. Among women with only P. vivax malaria, the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight decreased in multigravidae (OR, 0.36 [95% CI, 0.16-0.82]; p = 0.015 and OR 0.24 [95% CI, 0.10-0.58]; p = 0.001, respectively). The risk of preterm birth decreased with higher maternal age (OR 0.43 [95% CI, 0.19-0.95]; p = 0.037) and among those women who reported higher antenatal care (ANC) attendance (OR, 0.32 [95% CI, 0.15-0.70]; p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: This study shows that P. vivax is the prevailing species among pregnant women with malaria in the region and shows that vivax clinical malaria may represent harmful consequences for the health of the mother and their offsprings particularly on specific groups such as adolescents, primigravidae and those women with lower ANC attendance

The divergent eukaryote Trichomonas vaginalis has an m7G cap methyltransferase capable of a single N2 methylation

Eukaryotic RNAs typically contain 5′ cap structures that have been primarily studied in yeast and metazoa. The only known RNA cap structure in unicellular protists is the unusual Cap4 on Trypanosoma brucei mRNAs. We have found that T. vaginalis mRNAs are protected by a 5′ cap structure, however, contrary to that typical for eukaryotes, T. vaginalis spliceosomal snRNAs lack a cap and may contain 5′ monophophates. The distinctive 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine (TMG) cap structure usually found on snRNAs and snoRNAs is produced by hypermethylation of an m7G cap catalyzed by the enzyme trimethylguanosine synthase (Tgs). Here, we biochemically characterize the single T. vaginalis Tgs (TvTgs) encoded in its genome and demonstrate that TvTgs exhibits substrate specificity and amino acid requirements typical of an RNA cap-specific, m7G-dependent N2 methyltransferase. However, recombinant TvTgs is capable of catalysing only a single round of N2 methylation forming a 2,7-dimethylguanosine cap (DMG) as observed previously for Giardia lamblia. In contrast, recombinant Entamoeba histolytica and Trypanosoma brucei Tgs are capable of catalysing the formation of a TMG cap. These data suggest the presence of RNAs with a distinctive 5′ DMG cap in Trichomonas and Giardia lineages that are absent in other protist lineages

Recurrent dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 through the Uruguayan–Brazilian border

Uruguay is one of the few countries in the Americas that successfully contained the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) epidemic during the first half of 2020. Nevertheless, the intensive human mobility across the dry border with Brazil is a major challenge for public health authorities. We aimed to investigate the origin of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) strains detected in Uruguayan localities bordering Brazil as well as to measure the viral flux across this ∼1,100 km uninterrupted dry frontier. Using complete SARS-CoV-2 genomes from the Uruguayan–Brazilian bordering region and phylogeographic analyses, we inferred the virus dissemination frequency between Brazil and Uruguay and characterized local outbreak dynamics during the first months (May–July) of the pandemic. Phylogenetic analyses revealed multiple introductions of SARS-CoV-2 Brazilian lineages B.1.1.28 and B.1.1.33 into Uruguayan localities at the bordering region. The most probable sources of viral strains introduced to Uruguay were the Southeast Brazilian region and the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Some of the viral strains introduced in Uruguayan border localities between early May and mid-July were able to locally spread and originated the first outbreaks detected outside the metropolitan region. The viral lineages responsible for Uruguayan urban outbreaks were defined by a set of between four and 11 mutations (synonymous and non-synonymous) with respect to the ancestral B.1.1.28 and B.1.1.33 viruses that arose in Brazil, supporting the notion of a rapid genetic differentiation between SARS-CoV-2 subpopulations spreading in South America. Although Uruguayan borders have remained essentially closed to non-Uruguayan citizens, the inevitable flow of people across the dry border with Brazil allowed the repeated entry of the virus into Uruguay and the subsequent emergence of local outbreaks in Uruguayan border localities. Implementation of coordinated bi-national surveillance systems is crucial to achieve an efficient control of the SARS-CoV-2 spread across this kind of highly permeable borderland regions around the world

Functional microarray analysis suggests repressed cell-cell signaling and cell survival-related modules inhibit progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Cancer shows a great diversity in its clinical behavior which cannot be easily predicted using the currently available clinical or pathological markers. The identification of pathways associated with lymph node metastasis (N+) and recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) may increase our understanding of the complex biology of this disease.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Tumor samples were obtained from untreated HNSCC patients undergoing surgery. Patients were classified according to pathologic lymph node status (positive or negative) or tumor recurrence (recurrent or non-recurrent tumor) after treatment (surgery with neck dissection followed by radiotherapy). Using microarray gene expression, we screened tumor samples according to modules comprised by genes in the same pathway or functional category.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The most frequent alterations were the repression of modules in negative lymph node (N0) and in non-recurrent tumors rather than induction of modules in N+ or in recurrent tumors. N0 tumors showed repression of modules that contain cell survival genes and in non-recurrent tumors cell-cell signaling and extracellular region modules were repressed.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The repression of modules that contain cell survival genes in N0 tumors reinforces the important role that apoptosis plays in the regulation of metastasis. In addition, because tumor samples used here were not microdissected, tumor gene expression data are represented together with the stroma, which may reveal signaling between the microenvironment and tumor cells. For instance, in non-recurrent tumors, extracellular region module was repressed, indicating that the stroma and tumor cells may have fewer interactions, which disable metastasis development. Finally, the genes highlighted in our analysis can be implicated in more than one pathway or characteristic, suggesting that therapeutic approaches to prevent tumor progression should target more than one gene or pathway, specially apoptosis and interactions between tumor cells and the stroma.</p

Database Survey of Anti-Inflammatory Plants in South America: A Review

Inflammation is a complex event linked to tissue damage whether by bacteria, physical trauma, chemical, heat or any other phenomenon. This physiological response is coordinated largely by a variety of chemical mediators that are released from the epithelium, the immunocytes and nerves of the lamina propria. However, if the factor that triggers the inflammation persists, the inflammation can become relentless, leading to an intensification of the lesion. The present work is a literature survey of plant extracts from the South American continent that have been reported to show anti-inflammatory activity. This review refers to 63 bacterial families of which the following stood out: Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Apocynaceae and Celastraceae, with their countries, parts used, types of extract used, model bioassays, organisms tested and their activity