Stora Enso Honkalahden sahan verkostokartoitus

Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli tehdä kattava kartoitus Stora Enson Honkalahden sahan sähköverkolle. Työn tavoitteisiin kuuluivat vanhan kompensoinnin kunnon tarkastus, muuttuneesta sähköntuotannosta johtuen kompensoinnin uudelleen mitoitus ja suunnittelu. Lisäksi työn sisältöön kuului sähköverkon sähkönlaadun mittaus ja tarvittavien korjaustoimenpiteiden suunnittelu. Lisäksi työhön kuului keskijänniteverkon kaapelikuormitusten tarkastelu. Sähkönlaadun selvittämiseksi tehtiin mittauksia kattavasti jokaisesta muuntamosta. Mittauksissa pyrittiin mahdollisimman luotettavasti selvittämään koko sahan sähköverkon sähkönlaatu. Apuna käytettiin myös aiemmin tehtyä opinnäytetyötä ja pääsyöttökaapelin muutoksen yhteydessä tehtyä verkostoselvitystä, niiltä osin kuin niitä voitiin soveltaa nykyiseen tilanteeseen. Mittausten analysointi sekä tekniset että taloudelliset näkökohdat ohjasivat uudet kompensointiratkaisut toteutettaviksi pienjännitepuolen keskuksissa automaattisin estokelaparistoin. Samalla tämä ratkaisu parantaa myös sähköverkon sähkönlaatua ja parantaa verkon ja siihen liitettyjen laitteiden luotettavuutta. Uusien kompensointiratkaisujen myötä Honkalahden sahalla voidaan varautua yhä kiristyviin loistehorajoituksiin.The purpose of this thesis was to measure and analyze the power quality of the electri-cal grid of Stora Enso Honkalahti sawmill. The work target was to analyze the condition of the old compensation devices, to calculate and design the new compensation, as a result of of the changed power production. Measuring the electric grid power quality, planning the repairing actions, and analyzing the medium-voltage grid cable load were also included in the work. To analyze the power quality, measurements were performed comprehensively at all substations. The aim of the measurements was to reliably investigate the electrical network power quality of the whole sawmill. An earlier thesis was also used as help, as well as an electrical network research, which was made in connection with the main power cable renewal, as far as they were applicable to the current situation. Analyzing measurements, the technical and economic aspects guided to implement the compensation to low-voltage substations, by the automatic detuned filtered capacitor banks. This solution also improves the power quality of the electrical network, and makes the electrical network, and the devices to attach to it, more reliable. By the new compensation solutions, Honkalahti sawmill can prepare for the tightening limits of reactive power usage

The productization of services and a new service development in industrial company

Palvelut ovat nousseet yhä tärkeämmiksi osa-alueiksi teollisuusyritysten liiketoiminnassa. Teollisuusyritykset ovat alkaneet etsiä kysynnän vaihtelun tasaajaa sekä kasvua palveluliiketoiminnasta. Perinteisesti teollisuusyrityksissä palveluita on aiemmin tuotettu vain ydintuotteiden tueksi, mutta tänä päivänä niiden ympärille rakennetaan jo vakavaraista liiketoimintaa. Tämän diplomityön tarkoitus on selkeyttää kohdeyrityksen tällä hetkellä tarjottavia palveluita tuotteistamisen avulla. Palveluiden tuotteistamisen tarkoituksena on tehdä aineettomasta palvelusta enemmän aineellinen. Samalla se selkeyttää kaikille palvelun kanssa tekemisessä oleville henkilöille palvelun oleellisimman sisällön ja tarkoituksen. Tutkimuksen tavoite on lisätä palveluiden tasalaatuisuutta sekä niiden tietoisuutta koko kohdeyrityksen henkilöstölle. Tutkimustyön toisena pääkohtana on luoda kohdeyritykselle uuden palvelun kehittämisprosessimalli, jota voidaan hyödyntää, kun kokonaan uusia palveluita aletaan systemaattisesti yrityksessä kehittää. Tutkimustyö on tapaustutkimus, jonka teoriaosaan syvennytään käsiteanalyyttistä tutkimusotetta hyödyntäen. Työn tavoitteiden saavuttamiseksi, tutkimustyön aiheeseen tutustuttiin kirjallisuuslähteiden avulla. Teoreettisessa viitekehyksessä keskityttiin palveluiden tuotteistamiseen sekä uusien palveluiden kehittämiseen liittyviin osa-alueisiin. Työn empiirinen osa sen sijaan toteutettiin paneutumalla kohdeyrityksen organisaation toimintatapoihin sekä sisäisiin prosesseihin ja sitä käsitellään toiminta-analyyttisen tutkimusotteen mukaisesti. Tutkimuksen tuloksena luotiin kohdeyritykselle kaksi erilaista prosessikaaviota sekä valmiit palvelupaketit, joita yritys voi sellaisenaan tarjota asiakkailleen. Ensimmäinen kaavio oli tuotteistamiseen liittyvä. Tämän avulla yritys voi tuotteistaa tällä hetkellä tarjottavat palvelunsa. Toinen prosessikaavio on kehitetty uuden palvelun kehittämiseen. Sen avulla kohdeyritys voi kehittää kokonaan uusia palveluita. Prosessin läpikäytyään palvelut ovat samalla tuotteistettu, joten erillistä tuotteistamista ei uusille palveluille tarvitse enää toteuttaa. Kohdeyrityksen seuraavana toimenpiteenä on ottaa käyttöön palveluiden tuotteistamisprosessi sekä uuden palvelun kehittämiseen suunniteltu prosessi. Kehitettyjen prosessikaavioiden avulla kohdeyrityksen palveluista saadaan tasalaatuisempia ja selkeämpiä

Tuomioistuinmaksulain (1455/2015) uudistuksen vaikutukset : Selvityshenkilöiden raportti

Oikeusministeriön teettämän selvityksen tarkoituksena on ollut arvioida 1.1.2016 voimaan tulleen tuomioistuinmaksulakiuudistuksen vaikutuksia. Selvitys koskee yleisiä tuomioistuimia, hallintotuomioistuimia sekä erityistuomioistuimista markkinaoikeutta ja vakuutusoikeutta. Tuomioistuinmaksulakiuudistusta koskeva selvitystehtävä on jaettu neljään eri osa-alueeseen. Ensinnäkin selvitetään, onko muutos vaikuttanut kielteisesti oikeuden saatavuuteen. Toiseksi arvioidaan, miten uudistukselle hallituksen esityksessä asetetut tavoitteet ovat toteutuneet. Kolmanneksi selvitetään tuomioistuinmaksulain voimassaolon aikana esiin nousseita erityiskysymyksiä. Lopuksi selvityksessä esitetään suosituksia lainsäädännön kehittämiseksi. Selvityksessä katsotaan, etteivät käytössä olevat oikeudenkäyntimaksut ole sellaisia, että ne Euroopan ihmisoikeustuomioistuimen ratkaisukäytännön perusteella muodostaisivat esteen oikeuden saatavuudelle. Tästä huolimatta maksujen taso on vireillepanijan näkökulmasta paikoin epätarkoituksenmukaisen korkea. Lisäksi maksujen nykyinen taso aiheuttaa tuomioistuimissa ns. juttuvinoumaa, jolloin ne eivät saa yhteiskunnallisen tehtävänsä toteuttamiseksi riittävästi kaiken tyyppisiä asioita. Johtopäätöksenä katsotaan, että oikeudenkäyntimaksuja tulisi tietyiltä osin alentaa. Lisäksi raportissa esitetään myös joitain muita suosituksia

Exercise-induced expression of angiogenic growth factors in skeletal muscle and in capillaries of healthy and diabetic mice

Background. Diabetes has negative, and exercise training positive, effects on the skeletal muscle vasculature, but the mechanisms are not yet fully understood. In the present experiment the effects of running exercise on the mRNA expression of pro- and antiangiogenic factors were studied in healthy and diabetic skeletal muscle. The responses in capillaries and muscle fibers, collected from the muscle with laser capture microdissection, were also studied separately. Methods. Healthy and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice were divided into sedentary and exercise groups. Exercise was a single bout of 1 h running on a treadmill. Gastrocnemius muscles were harvested 3 h and 6 h post exercise, and angiogenesis-related gene expressions were analyzed with real-time PCR. In addition to muscle homogenates, capillaries and muscle fibers were collected from the muscle with laser capture microdissection method and analyzed for vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) mRNA expression. Results. Of the proangiogenic factors, VEGF-A and VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) mRNA expression increased significantly (P < 0.05) in healthy skeletal muscle 6 h post exercise. VEGF-B also showed a similar trend (P = 0.08). No significant change was observed post exercise in diabetic muscles in the expression of VEGF-A, VEGFR-2 or VEGF-B. The expression of angiogenesis inhibitor TSP-1 and angiogenic extracellular matrix protein Cyr61 were significantly increased in diabetic muscles (P < 0.05–0.01). Capillary mRNA expression resembled that in the muscle homogenates, however, the responses were greater in capillaries compared to muscle homogenates and pure muscle fibers. Conclusion. The present study is the first to report the effects of a single bout of exercise on the expression of pro- and antiangiogenic factors in diabetic skeletal muscle, and it provides novel data about the separate responses in capillaries and muscle fibers to exercise and diabetes. Diabetic mice seem to have lower angiogenic responses to exercise compared to healthy mice, and they show markedly increased expression of angiogenesis inhibitor TSP-1. Furthermore, exercise-induced VEGF-A expression was shown to be greater in capillaries than in muscle fibers.peerReviewe

Branched-Chain Amino Acid Deprivation Decreases Lipid Oxidation and Lipogenesis in C2C12 Myotubes

Impaired lipid metabolism is a common risk factor underlying several metabolic diseases such as metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) that include valine, leucine and isoleucine have been proven to share a role in lipid metabolism and hence in maintaining metabolic health. We have previously introduced a hypothesis suggesting that BCAA degradation mechanistically connects to lipid oxidation and storage in skeletal muscle. To test our hypothesis, the present study examined the effects of BCAA deprivation and supplementation on lipid oxidation, lipogenesis and lipid droplet characteristics in murine C2C12 myotubes. In addition, the role of myotube contractions on cell metabolism was studied by utilizing in vitro skeletal-muscle-specific exercise-like electrical pulse stimulation (EPS). Our results showed that the deprivation of BCAAs decreased both lipid oxidation and lipogenesis in C2C12 myotubes. BCAA deprivation further diminished the number of lipid droplets in the EPS-treated myotubes. EPS decreased lipid oxidation especially when combined with high BCAA supplementation. Similar to BCAA deprivation, high BCAA supplementation also decreased lipid oxidation. The present results highlight the role of an adequate level of BCAAs in healthy lipid metabolism.Peer reviewe

Effects of diet-induced obesity and voluntary wheel running on the microstructure of the murine distal femur

Background. Obesity and osteoporosis, two possibly related conditions, are rapidly expanding health concerns in modern society. Both of them are associated with sedentary life style and nutrition. To investigate the effects of diet-induced obesity and voluntary physical activity we used high resolution micro-computed tomography (μCT) together with peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) to examine the microstructure of the distal femoral metaphysis in mice. Methods. Forty 7-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were assigned to 4 groups: control (C), control + running (CR), high-fat diet (HF), and high-fat diet + running (HFR). After a 21-week intervention, all the mice were sacrificed and the left femur dissected for pQCT and μCT measurements. Results. The mice fed the high-fat diet showed a significant weight gain (over 70% for HF and 60% for HFR), with increased epididymal fat pad mass and impaired insulin sensitivity. These obese mice had significantly higher trabecular connectivity density, volume, number, thickness, area and mass, and smaller trabecular separation. At the whole bone level, they had larger bone circumference and cross-sectional area and higher density-weighted maximal, minimal, and polar moments of inertia. Voluntary wheel running decreased all the cortical bone parameters, but increased the trabecular mineral density, and decreased the pattern factor and structure model index towards a more plate-like structure. Conclusions. The results suggest that in mice the femur adapts to obesity by improving bone strength both at the whole bone and micro-structural level. Adaptation to running exercise manifests itself in increased trabecular density and improved 3D structure, but in a limited overall bone growthpeerReviewe

Activin Receptor Ligand Blocking and Cancer Have Distinct Effects on Protein and Redox Homeostasis in Skeletal Muscle and Liver

Muscle wasting in cancer cachexia can be alleviated by blocking activin receptor type 2 (ACVR2) ligands through changes in protein synthesis/degradation. These changes in cellular and protein metabolism may alter protein homeostasis. First, we elucidated the acute (1-2 days) and 2-week effects of blocking ACVR2 ligands by soluble activin receptor 2B (sACVR2B-Fc) on unfolded protein response (UPR), heat shock proteins (HSPs) and redox balance in a healthy mouse skeletal muscle. Second, we examined UPR, autophagy and redox balance with or without sACVR2B-Fc administration in muscle and liver of C26 tumor-bearing mice. The indicators of UPR and HSPs were not altered 1-2 days after a single sACVR2B-Fc administration in healthy muscles, but protein carbonyls increased (p <0.05). Two weeks of sACVR2B-Fc administration increased muscle size, which was accompanied by increased UPR markers: GRP78 <0.05), phosphorylated elF2 alpha <0.01) and HSP47 (p <0.01). Additionally, protein carbonyls and reduced form of glutathione increased (GSH) (p <0.05). On the other hand, C26 cancer cachexia manifested decreased UPR markers (p-elF2 alpha, HSP47, p-JNK; p <0.05) and antioxidant GSH (p <0.001) in muscle, whereas the ratio of oxidized to reduced glutathione increased (GSSG/GSH; p <0.001). Administration of sACVR2B-Fc prevented the decline in GSH and increased some of the UPR indicators in tumor-bearing mice. Additionally, autophagy markers LC3II/I (p <0.05), Beclin-1 (p <0.01), and P62 (p <0.05) increased in the skeletal muscle of tumor-bearing mice. Finally, indicators of UPR, PERK, p-elF2 alpha and GRP78, increased (p <0.05), whereas ATF4 was strongly decreased (p <0.01) in the liver of tumor-bearing mice while sACVR2B-Fc had no effect. Muscle GSH and many of the altered UPR indicators correlated with tumor mass, fat mass and body mass loss. In conclusion, experimental cancer cachexia is accompanied by distinct and tissue-specific changes in proteostasis. Muscle hypertrophy induced by blocking ACVR2B ligands may be accompanied by the induction of UPR and increased protein carbonyls but blocking ACVR2B ligands may upregulate antioxidant protection.Peer reviewe

Physical activity in adulthood : genes and mortality

Observational studies report a strong inverse relationship between leisure-time physical activity and all-cause mortality. Despite suggestive evidence from population-based associations, scientists have not been able to show a beneficial effect of physical activity on the risk of death in controlled intervention studies among individuals who have been healthy at baseline. On the other hand, high cardiorespiratory fitness is known to be a strong predictor of reduced mortality, even more robust than physical activity level itself. Here, in both animals and/or human twins, we show that the same genetic factors influence physical activity levels, cardiorespiratory fitness, and risk of death. Previous observational follow-up studies in humans suggest that increasing fitness through physical activity levels could prolong life; however, our controlled interventional study with laboratory rats bred for low and high intrinsic fitness contrast with these findings. Also, we find no evidence for the suggested association using pairwise analysis among monozygotic twin pairs who are discordant in their physical activity levels. Based on both our animal and human findings, we propose that genetic pleiotropy might partly explain the frequently observed associations between high baseline physical activity and later reduced mortality in humans.Peer reviewe

Physical activity in adulthood: genes and mortality OPEN

Observational studies report a strong inverse relationship between leisure-time physical activity and allcause mortality. Despite suggestive evidence from population-based associations, scientists have not been able to show a beneficial effect of physical activity on the risk of death in controlled intervention studies among individuals who have been healthy at baseline. On the other hand, high cardiorespiratory fitness is known to be a strong predictor of reduced mortality, even more robust than physical activity level itself. Here, in both animals and/or human twins, we show that the same genetic factors influence physical activity levels, cardiorespiratory fitness, and risk of death. Previous observational follow-up studies in humans suggest that increasing fitness through physical activity levels could prolong life; however, our controlled interventional study with laboratory rats bred for low and high intrinsic fitness contrast with these findings. Also, we find no evidence for the suggested association using pairwise analysis among monozygotic twin pairs who are discordant in their physical activity levels. Based on both our animal and human findings, we propose that genetic pleiotropy might partly explain the frequently observed associations between high baseline physical activity and later reduced mortality in humans. Intervention studies in humans show several positive effects of exercise on physical performance and health-related metabolism 1 . Also, in humans, observational follow-up studies report an association between high baseline levels of leisure-time physical activity and low all-cause mortality 2 . However, a causal relationship between adulthood physical activity and mortality/lifespan has not been confirmed, either in randomized controlled intervention studies, with initially healthy individuals, or in animal experiment