Measuring the start up costs in Brazilian small firms

No estudo aqui relatado foram medidos o tempo e o custo para a obtenção de permissão para uma pequena firma operar legalmente na cidade de São Paulo. Para possibilitar o contraste com estudos similares conduzidos em outros países, escolheu-se uma amostra de firmas da área de confecção de roupas, a qual tem sido o padrão nesses estudos. Uma amostra de cem firmas foi entrevistada com base em ferramenta de coleta de dados desenvolvida pelo Ronald Coase Institute. Os resultados da pesquisa mostraram que o custo para obter a permissão de operar correspondeu, em média, a 10,9% do Produto Interno Bruto per capita e que a demora para conseguir o registro foi de, em média, 74 dias. Cerca de 30% das firmas obtiveram o registro em menos de 30 dias e 60% em até 60 dias. Esses dados diferem dos publicados pelo Banco Mundial, baseados em metodologia menos acurada. Os resultados da análise de regressão indicaram que a experiência anterior e o nível de renda da firma são negativamente correlacionados com o tempo para a obtenção do registro por ela. Não houve efeito de gênero ou de etnia na variável dependente.En este estudio, se han determinado el tiempo y el costo para que una pequeña empresa obtenga el permiso para operar legalmente en la ciudad de São Paulo. Con vistas a realizar un análisis comparativo con estudios similares conducidos en otros países, se escogió una muestra de empresas del sector de confección de ropas, que suele ser el modelo en dichos estudios. Las entrevistas, con una muestra de cien empresas, se basó en herramienta de recolección de datos desarrollada por el Ronald Coase Institute. Los resultados de la investigación señalan que el costo para obtener el permiso para operar correspondió, en promedio, al 10,9% del Producto Interno Bruto per capita y que se tardaron 74 días en promedio para la obtención del registro. Alrededor del 30% de las empresas obtuvieron el registro en menos de 30 días y el 60% en hasta 60 días. Dichos datos difieren de los publicados por el Banco Mundial, basados en metodología menos acurada. Los resultados del análisis de regresión señalaron que la experiencia anterior y el nivel de renta de la empresa están negativamente correlacionados con el tiempo para la obtención del registro. No hubo efecto de género o de etnia en la variable dependiente.This study measures the costs to obtain legal permission to operate small firms in Brazil. Small garment businesses have been chosen due to their relevance for developing countries, and also because the same sector has been studied elsewhere. One hundred firms have been surveyed using the costs of exchange survey instrument, as developed by the Ronald Coase Institute. The results show that the average cost to obtain the legal permission was 10,9% of the GDP per capita, that 30% of firms took less than 30 days and 60% took up to 60 days to complete the procedures and that on the average it took 74 days to follow the process. The results differ substantially from the results published by the World Bank which was based in methodology less accurate. Previous experience in the activity and income level are negatively correlated to the length. No gender or ethnic group effect was found

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Business environment: analysis of procedures for legalizing a business in São Paulo

O propósito dessa dissertação é avaliar o ambiente institucional brasileiro, mais especificamente, os dados sobre custos de transação incorridos para a formalização de um pequeno negócio de confecção de roupas na cidade de São Paulo. Na dissertação apresentamos os resultados de nossa pesquisa sobre custos de transação incorridos, comparando tais resultados com os de pesquisas anteriores sobre o mesmo assunto. Tendo identificado as variáveis que mais significantemente afetam os custos de transação, procuramos avaliar os esforços institucionais atualmente conduzidos no Brasil com vistas à redução de custos de transação e como, em nossa opinião, tais esforços podem afetar a decisão do empresário de formalizar ou não sua empresa.The purpose of this dissertation is to critically evaluate the Brazilian institutional environment, more specifically, the data obtained through researches on the transaction costs to be incurred by an entrepreneur when attempting to accomplish the procedures required to legalize a small clothing manufacturing shop in the city of São Paulo. In this dissertation we present the results of our own research on incurred transaction costs, comparing such results with those of earlier published researches on the same issue. Having identified the most relevant variables affecting the transaction costs, we focus on the evaluation of the institutional efforts to reduce the transaction costs which are in progress in Brazil and on how, in our opinion, those efforts can affect an entrepreneur decision on whether to legalize or not to legalize its incorporated business

Benefícios fiscais e gasto tributário no ICMS, espécies e métodos de mensuração

In sight of the great annually tax expenses by the Brazilian States and the Federal District referring to tax benefits given with ICMS, ensues the necessity to control its results. The legislation complexity and diversity around this tribute and benefits has been a strong obstacle to the construction of adequate models to measure such tax waivers. This study aims to identify, through qualitative research, tax benefits models with this tax, and also aims to develop methodologies capable of measuring the amount of public resources waived in each identified modality. The method applied was the search for the Constitution and Complementary Laws on the website of the plateau palace and for the ICMS legislation, on the websites of the state tax administrations. After reading, only the rules regarding tax benefits were selected. The research has identified patterns and developed a classification system, considering characteristic and peculiarities of tax benefits with ICMS, and has described quantification methods of the waived values in each modality. The results obtained are a first step in the path to develop a methodology that allows control organizations to measure the relation of cost-benefit of each given benefit modality.Tendo em vista o elevado gasto tributário anual dos estados brasileiros e do Distrito Federal referentes a benefícios fiscais concedidos com base no ICMS, resulta a necessidade de mensurar adequadamente estes valores e controlar os seus resultados. A complexidade e diversidade da legislação tributária e dos benefícios relativos ao ICMS têm sido fortes empecilhos à construção de modelos adequados a mensurar tais renúncias fiscais. Este estudo tem por objetivo identificar, por meio de pesquisa qualitativa, espécies de benefícios fiscais com este imposto e desenvolver metodologias capazes de mensurar o montante de recursos públicos renunciados em cada modalidade identificada. O método aplicado foi a busca da Constituição e Leis Complementares no site do planalto e da legislação do ICMS, nos sites das administrações tributárias estaduais. Após a leitura, foram selecionadas apenas as normas referentes a benefícios fiscais. A pesquisa identificou padrões, divididos em famílias, gêneros e espécies, de benefícios fiscais com ICMS, assim como descreveu métodos de quantificação dos valores renunciados em cada modalidade. Os resultados obtidos são um primeiro passo no caminho para desenvolver uma metodologia que possibilite aos órgãos de controle aferir a relação de custo-benefício de cada modalidade de benefício deferido

Danos oxidativos em proteínas da fração citosólica induzido por vitamina A

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Danos oxidativos em proteínas da fração citosólica induzido por vitamina A

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Avaliação das propriedades antioxidantes de extratos vegetais de plantas nativas brasileiras

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Avaliação das propriedades antioxidantes de extratos vegetais de plantas nativas brasileiras

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