Long-Term Concentrations and Loads of Four Dissolved Macronutrients from Two Agroforestry Catchments in NW Spain

[Abstract] Understanding hydrological processes controlling stream chemistry and quantifying solute concentrations over time is crucial for estimating future alterations of water quality due to land use or climate change impacts, as well as for setting preventive or remedial actions. In the current study, soluble sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) concentrations and loads were assessed in waters from two small catchments located at different distances to the sea (9 km Valiñas and 30 km Abelar) in NW Spain from 2003 to 2016. Solute concentrations were determined using spectrometric techniques, while streamflow data were employed for estimating loads. Moreover, concentration-discharge relations were calculated for each solute and catchment. The average concentrations of soluble Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were, respectively, 16.5, 2.6, 7.9 and 4.1 mg L−1 in Valiñas, and 8.2, 0.9, 2.9 and 3.4 mg L−1 in Abelar, although variability among samplings was high. The four soluble ions showed a dilution pattern in Valiñas, whereas in Abelar Na+ tended to a chemostatic behavior and K+ and Ca2+ were positively related to streamflow. In conclusion, the dominant processes controlling these relationships are local and depend on catchment characteristics such as land use (including slurry applications in Abelar), distance to the sea, and vegetation cover

Igualdade de oportunidades e acesso a conhecimentos relevantes: estudo sobre a equidade nas políticas curriculares

This study aims to examine the existing tension between equal opportunities and democratization of access to relevant knowledge through a review of the literature published in Brazil about equity in curriculum policies. The theoretical framework of the study stands at the interface between curriculum studies and sociology of education, showing an intensification of research on equity. After the mapping exercise, it was found that five meanings of equity tend to predominate in Brazilian literature: equal opportunities, promotion of resources, processes and results, student performance/school effectiveness, school justice, and access to knowledge. The ongoing debates revolve around meritocracy versus knowledge, that is, equity in the educational system can be understood as access to knowledge; for this reason, students are considered different at their starting point and ways for them to reach effective learning are sought. Even recognizing the controversies about the concept of equity, we believe that it can contribute to broaden debates about curricular justice.El presente estudio se propone examinar las tensiones existentes entre la igualdad de oportunidades y la democratización del acceso a conocimientos relevantes, por medio de una revisión de la literatura publicada en Brasil acerca de la equidad en las políticas curriculares. La composición teórica del estudio se encuentra en la interfaz entre los estudios curriculares y la sociología de la educación, evidenciando una intensificación de las investigaciones sobre equidad. Tras el ejercicio de mapeo, se constató que cinco sentidos de equidad tienden a predominar en la literatura brasileña: igualdad de oportunidades, promoción de recursos, procesos y resultados, desempeño de los estudiantes/eficacia escolar, justicia escolar y acceso al conocimiento. Los debates en marcha gravitan alrededor del debate meritocracia versus conocimiento, es decir, se puede comprender la equidad en el sistema educacional como acceso al conocimiento; para ello se considera que los alumnos son diferentes en su punto de partida y se buscan medios para que ellos logren un aprendizaje efectivo. Aunque se reconozca las controversias acerca del concepto de equidad, consideramos que éste pueda contribuir a ampliar los debates sobre justicia curricular.O presente estudo propôs-se a examinar os tensionamentos existentes entre a igualdade de oportunidades e a democratização do acesso a conhecimentos relevantes, por meio de uma revisão da literatura publicada no Brasil acerca da equidade nas políticas curriculares. A composição teórica do estudo encontra-se na interface entre os estudos curriculares e a sociologia da educação, evidenciando uma intensificação das investigações sobre a equidade. Após o exercício de mapeamento, constatou-se que cinco sentidos de equidade tendem a predominar na literatura brasileira: igualdade de oportunidades, promoção de recursos, processos e resultados, desempenho dos estudantes/eficácia escolar, justiça escolar e acesso ao conhecimento. Os debates em andamento gravitam em torno do debate meritocracia versus conhecimento, ou seja, a equidade no sistema educacional pode ser compreendida como acesso ao conhecimento; para isso se consideram os alunos diferentes no seu ponto de partida e se buscam meios para que alcancem uma efetiva aprendizagem. Mesmo reconhecendo as controvérsias acerca do conceito de equidade, consideramos que este possa contribuir para ampliar os debates acerca da justiça curricular

Assessment of the spatial variability of soil chemical properties along a transect using multifractal analysis

[Abstract]The spatial variability of soil properties can be assessed through concepts of scale invariance, fractals and multifractals. The aim of this study was to characterize the scaling patterns and structural heterogeneity properties of general soil chemical properties along a short (i.e. 52 m large) transect. Field measurements were carried out at the experimental farm of CIAM located in Mabegondo, A Coruña, Spain. The studied transect was marked following land slope, and 66 soil samples were collected at the 0-20 cm depth every 0.8 m. The soil properties analyzed were: pH (H2O ), organic carbon content, exchangeable Ca, Mg and K, exchangeable acidity (H + Al), exchangeable bases (SB), cation exchange capacity (CEC), percent base saturation (V) and extractable P. The soil properties studied showed various degrees of multifractality. The spatial distribution of pH was characterized by quasi-monofractal behaviour; CEC, (H+Al) and OM, presented a relatively low degree of multifractality, and the other soil properties studied showed stronger degrees of multifractality, being the highest one for Olsen extractable P. In general, the scaling features of the properties studied implied a multifractal nature, where the low and high density regions scaled differently

SOROPOSITIVIDADE PARA HIV/AIDS E CARACTERÍSTICAS SOCIOCOMPORTAMENTAIS EM ADOLESCENTES E ADULTOS JOVENS / HIV/AIDS AND SOCIOCOMPORTAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF YOUNG ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS

Introdução: O aumento no número de casos de infecção pelo HIV/AIDS entre a população de adolescentes e adultos jovens,caracteriza um fenômeno chamado de juvenização da epidemia de HIV/AIDS. Desenvolver estudos voltados à compreensãodos aspectos que favorecem a propagação do HIV neste segmento, torna-se importante mecanismo de controle do avançodesta doença. Objetivo: Verificar associação entre as características sóciocomportamentais e prevalência de HIV/AIDS entreadolescentes e adultos jovens. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo de corte transversal, realizado nos centros de testagem sorológicaanti-HIV, da capital maranhense, com 5.786 adolescentes e adultos jovens, baseado nos dados do sistema SI-CTA. Realizou-se teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson para verificar a associação entre soropositividade e características sócio comportamentais.Os resultados foram interpretados ao nível de significância de 5,0% (p≤0, 05). Resultados: Verificou-se maior proporçãode soropositivos entre indivíduos com faixa etária entre 20 e 24 anos de idade. Associou-se ao HIV variáveis como: sexo(p<0,01), escolaridade (p<0,001), uso de drogas (p<0,01), doença sexualmente transmissível (p=0,01), orientação sexual(p<0,01) e uso de preservativo com parceiro eventual no último ano (p<0,01). Conclusões: Conclui-se que a infecção peloHIV/AIDS se associou a variáveis sociocomportamentais, destacando-se o comportamento sexual de risco como elemento devulnerabilidade entre os pesquisados.Palavras-chave: Adolescente. Adulto Jovem. AIDS. HIV. Fatores de risco.AbstractIntroduction: The increase in the number of cases of HIV/AIDS infection among adolescents and young adults, characterizes aphenomenon known as juvenization of the HIV / AIDS epidemic. Developing studies aimed at understanding the epidemiologicalprofile of HIV/AIDS infection is essential for understanding aspects that favor the spread of the virus. Object: To analyzethe association of socio-behavioral variables to HIV/AIDS among adolescents and young adults. Methods: It is a crosssectionalstudy, quantitative, conducted in the centers of serologic centers for HIV, the capital of Maranhão, with 5,786 adolescentsand young adults, based on the data in the SI system (CTA). Held Pearson Chi-square test to verify the associationbetween seropositivity and socio-behavioral characteristics. The results were interpreted at the 5% level of significance (p≤0,05). Results: There was a greater proportion of HIV among individuals aged between 20 and 24 years. Joined the HIV factorssuch as: sex (p <0.001), education (p<0.001), drug use (p<0.001), sexually transmitted disease (p=0.001), sexual orientation(p <0.001) and condom use with casual partner in the last year (p<0.001). Conclusion: It is concluded that the HIV/AIDS infectionis associated to socio-behavioral variables, highlighting the high-risk sexual behavior as an element of vulnerabilityamong respondents.Keywords: Adolescent. Young Adult. AIDS. HIV. Risk Factors

Public Prosecutor’s Office, Municipal Health Councils and practices of interinstitutional dialogue

Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar o relacionamento entre o Ministério Público e os Conselhos Municipais de Saúde (CMS), buscando refletir de que maneira aquela instituição pode contribuir para a efetividade do controle social exercido no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no estado do Maranhão. Foi utilizada metodologia qualitativa, dividida em pesquisa documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Da pesquisa participaram promotores de justiça e conselheiros de saúde que atuam nos CMS de uma região de saúde naquele estado. Os resultados evidenciaram que o controle institucional no SUS realizado pelo Ministério Público do Maranhão é marcado por práticas frágeis e não uniformes, apesar das possibilidades, capacidades e atribuições conferidas pela Constituição Federal de 1988. Os CMS pesquisados apresentam deficiências e limitações conhecidas do Ministério Público, que ainda não orientou sua política institucional para o fortalecimento do controle social a partir do diálogo interinstitucional. A democratização e a efetivação da política de saúde nos municípios da região de saúde pesquisada dependem, entre outras coisas, do aprimoramento da interlocução entre o Ministério Público e os CMS, tendo o potencial de qualificar e fortalecer o controle social no SUS.This study aims to analyze the relationship between the Public Prosecutor’s Office and the Municipal Health Councils (CMS), reflecting on how that institution can contribute to the effectiveness of the social control exercised in the Brazilian Brazilian National Health System (SUS) in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. A qualitative method, divided into documentary research and semi-structured interviews, was used. Prosecutors and health counselors working directly with the CMS of a health region in that state participated in this study. Results showed the SUS institutional control carried out by the Public Prosecutor’s Office in Maranhão is marked by fragile and irregular practices, despite the possibilities, capacities, and attributions granted by the 1988 Federal Constitution. The CMS researched showed deficiencies and limitations known to the Public Prosecutor’s Office, which has not yet oriented its institutional policy to strengthen social control through interinstitutional dialogue. The democratization and implementation of health policies in the municipalities of the health region researched depend, among other things, on improving the interlocution between the Public Prosecutor’s Office and the CMS. Such dialogue has the potential to qualify and strengthen social control in SUS