Comparación de perfiles químicos de mieles chilenas de distintas regiones del país mediante espectrometría de masas

68 p.Son muchos los estudios hoy en día dedicados al encuentro de sustancias nutritivas que presenten un potencial importante como antioxidante. Las diferentes enfermedades degenerativas producidas por estrés oxidativo han inspirado la investigación de elementos con estas características antioxidantes, para ser utilizadas en la medicin a actual, como una alternativa natural, para contrarrestar la aparición temprana de estas afecciones y más aún para usar como tratamiento en la medicina actual. Muchos alimentos del consumo diario, como frutos, verduras, etc., presentan en su composición elementos esenciales, que aportan con agentes antioxidantes de categoría, los cuales ayudan a reducir el estrés oxidativo. Hay un gran número de elementos nutritivos que presentan estas ventajas, sin embargo, aparece en la actualidad como un gran candidato para ser consumida, la miel de abeja, la cual trae grandes beneficios al ser consumida para el organismo, siendo uno muy importante el gran potencial antioxidante que presenta, debido a la alta concentración de polifenoles que ella presenta en su composición.La miel, es el producto principal generado por las colonias de abejas melíferas como tal. Es un elemento que posee ciertas características físico-químicas particulares e interesantes. Dichas abejas elaboran la miel a base del néctar recolectado de las flores, convirtiéndola en una sustancia líquida, estable y alta en carbohidratos, que es usada como fuente de alimento para toda la colmena. Esta miel de abeja ha sido ampliamente estudiada por su gran cantidad de propiedades como antiséptica, fortificante, diurética, antioxidante y una variedad de beneficios más para el cuerpo humano. Además de ser eficaz para tratar heridas de la piel, la tos y otras afecciones de carácter respiratorio, así como también de tener efectos calmantes en el cuerpo. Por otra parte también es conocida por lo beneficioso en el tratamiento de alergias, reducción del colesterol, pnrevención de problemas al corazón y el estreñimiento debido a sus efectos laxantes

Ganho ponderal gestacional : impacto na saúde da mulher

Enquadramento: O aumento ponderal elevado durante a gravidez pode ocasionar frequentemente aumento de peso no pós-parto e posterior obesidade na mulher, tal como nos revelam os mais diversos estudos científicos nacionais e internacionais. Objetivos: Analisar a relação existente entre o ganho ponderal gestacional e as variáveis sociodemográficas e obstétricas bem como analisar a sua relação com o estado nutricional atual da mulher. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo retrospetivo, quantitativo, descritivo e correlacional, de uma amostra não probabilística por conveniência, constituída por 1424 mulheres cujos filhos nasceram entre 2004 e 2006. Resultados: A maioria das participantes tinha entre 19 e 35 anos quando engravidou, residem numa zona urbana, são casadas, com o ensino secundário/tecnológico e empregadas. A maioria não teve diabetes gestacional e o ganho ponderal gestacional, foi em média de 11,81 kg. A maioria teve um ganho ponderal abaixo do recomendado. Quanto ao estado nutricional atual, encontramos uma média de peso de 64,71 kg, que representa um IMC = 25.03 com um valor mínimo de 39 kg (IMC=15.90) e um valor máximo de 122 kg (IMC=43.67). A maioria apresenta atualmente um peso eutrófico. A escolaridade, a residência, a idade materna e a diabetes gestacionais são variáveis que influenciam o ganho ponderal gestacional. Apenas as variáveis sociodemográficas (escolaridade, residência e situação laboral) apresentam uma relação estatisticamente significativa com o estado nutricional atual da mulher. Analisando a relação entre o estado nutricional atual da mulher com o ganho ponderal gestacional, verificamos que estas apresentam uma relação de dependência estatisticamente significativa, ou seja, as mulheres que apresentam atualmente peso eutrófico, foram as que tiveram um ganho ponderal gestacional abaixo do recomendado, enquanto as que têm pré-obesidade e obesidade tiveram aumento ponderal gestacional acima do recomendado. Conclusão: Perante uma epidemia mundial de obesidade, bem como um aumento da prevalência da obesidade nas mulheres em idade reprodutiva e um aumento do ganho de peso na gravidez, torna-se imperioso que o enfermeiro de ESMOG estabeleça um plano de intervenções precoces e eficazes antes, durante e após a gravidez, de forma a reduzir os riscos maternos e fetais, presentes e futuros. Os fatores obstétricos, sociodemográficos e comportamentais, são determinantes para o ganho de peso gestacional e consequentes repercussões na saúde da mulher. Palavra-chave: Ganho Ponderal gestacional; Obesidade; gravidez; IMC.ABSTRACT Background: The high weight increase during pregnancy can cause postpartum weight gain often and later obesity in women, as we reveal the most diverse national and international scientific studies. Objectives: To Analyze the relationship between gestational weight gain and socio-demographic variables and obstetric and analyze your relationship with current nutritional status of women. Methods: This is a retrospective study, quantitative, descriptive and co relational, a non-probability sample of convenience, composed of 1424 women whose children were born between 2004 and 2006. Results: Most of the participants had between 19 and 35 years old when she got pregnant, reside in an urban zone, are married, with the secondary/technology and employed. Most had gestational diabetes and gestational weight gain, was on average of 11.81 pounds. Most had a weight gain below the recommended. As for the current nutritional status, we found an average of 64.71 weight kg, which represents a BMI = 25.03 with a minimum value of 39 kg (BMI = 15.90) and a maximum value of 122 kg (BMI = 43.67). Most have currently a eutrophic weight. Schooling, residence, maternal age and gestational diabetes are variables that influence the gestational weight gain. Only demographic variables (schooling, housing and labour status) present a statistically significant relationship with current nutritional status of women. Analyzing the relation the current nutritional state of the woman with the gestational weight gain profit enters, verifies that these present a relation of statistical significant dependence, that is, the women that present eutrófic weight currently, had been the ones that had a gestational weight gain profit below of the recommended one, while the ones that have daily pre-obesity and obesity had gestational weight gain increase above of the recommended one. Conclusion: Faced with a worldwide epidemic of obesity, as well as an increase in the prevalence of obesity in women of reproductive age and an increase in weight gain in pregnancy, it becomes imperative that the ESMOG nurse establish a plan of early and effective interventions before, during and after pregnancy, to reduce the maternal and fetal risks, present and future. Obstetric factors, sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics, are crucial for gestational weight gain and consequent repercussions on women's health. Keyword: gestational Weight Gain; Obesity; pregnancy; IMC

Estudo comparativo das castas tintas nobres do Dão: Touriga Nacional, Jaen, Tinta Roriz e Alfrocheiro

Dissertação de Mestrado em Qualidade e Tecnologia AlimentarOs vinhos DOC (Denominação de Origem Controlada)Dão, são reconhecidos pelos consumidores e pela crítica, como vinhos de excelência, fruto da sua tipicidade e qualidade invulgares. Sendo as castas nobres do Dão a Touriga Nacional, o Jaen, a Tinta Roriz e o Alfrocheiro considerámos pertinente o estudo das características sensoriais e físico-químicas de vinhos monocasta produzidos a partir das referidas castas da Região Demarcada do Dão (RDD). Para prossecução desse objectivo dividiu-se o presente trabalho em duas partes distintas. Numa primeira parte foi realizado um levantamento dos dados documentados existentes referentes à região, nomeadamente sobre os vestígios históricos da produção de vinho na RDD; referindo-se ainda em detalhe a criação da Região Demarcada do Dão (origens, regulamentação, demarcação), é feita de igual modo uma caracterização do seu património vitícola, a evolução, regulamentação e caracterização das castas aptas à produção de 'Dão Nobre', bem como os principais estudos encontrados sobre a caracterização dos vinhos produzidos na Região Demarcada do Dão entre 1953 a 2012. A segunda parte da dissertação é constituída pelo trabalho experimental, nela se caracteriza o material em estudo (vinhos tintos mono-castas colheita de 2010 Touriga Nacional, Jaen, Tinta Roriz e Alfrocheiro Preto), referem-se as metodologias utilizadas na análise sensorial e físico-química, os resultados obtidos e as principais conclusões. Para os parâmetros sensoriais e físico-químicos avaliados os resultados obtidos evidenciaram uma clara inferioridade dos vinhos produzidos a partir da casta Alfrocheiro. Relativamente aos vinhos de Jaen e Tinta Roriz apresentam características muito semelhantes entre si e não mostraraam, para a maior parte dos parâmetros avaliados, diferenças estatísticamente significativas quando comparados com os Touriga Nacional. Foram os vinhos produzidos a partir da Touriga Nacional os que se destacaram em todas as análises efetuadas. Os resultados obtidos quer ao nível da prova sensorial quer nas análises físico-químicas permitem-nos afirmar que a Touriga Nacional, o Jaen e a Tinta Roriz são castas bem adaptadas a condições edafo-climáticas da RDD, com capacidade de ao nível mono-varietal originar vinhos de qualidade e levantam alguma discussão sobre a denominação nobre para a casta Alfrocheiro.ABSTRACT:The wines DOC (Denomination of Controlled Origin) Dão have been recognized by consumers and critics as excellent wines. This results of their unusual characteristics and quality. The species Touriga Nacional, Jaen, Tinta Roriz and Alfrocheiro are the noble varieties demarcated region of Dão (RDD). Thus we considered relevant the study of sensory characteristics and physicochemical properties of single variety wines produced from the grapes of those noble species. In order to achieve that purpose we divided the present work into two distinct parts. In the first part we review the historical traces of wine production in RDD. We detailed the creation of the demarcated region of Dão (origins, regulation, demarcation), as well as the description vineyard tradition, evolution, regulation. We also detailed the different vineard varieties suitable for the production of "Dão Nobre", as well as the major studies found on the characterization of wines produced in the RDD between the end of the XX century and the beginning of the XXI century. The second part of the present work describe the experimental work. A presentation of the material and methods used, the obtained results and the discussion of those results. Finally the conclusion and the major findings of the work. For the physical chemical and sensory parameters evaluated results showed a clear inferiority of the wines produced from the grape variety Alfrocheiro. The wines Jaen and Tinta Roriz have very similar characteristics and do not shown statiscally significant differences, when compared with Touriga Nacional. The wines produced from Touriga Nacional have excelled in every analysis. The obtained results in sensorial and in the physicochemical analyzes allow to affirm that the Touriga Nacional, Jaen and Tinta Roriz are vineyards well adapted to soil and climate conditions of the RDD and with ability to produce excellent 'noble' mono-varietal wine. The inclusion of the Alfrocheiro as noble variety deserves further discussion

Spatial and temporal variation in population structure of Hemigrammus marginatus (Characiformes: Characidae) in streams of the Ivinhema River Basin, Brazil

The present study has assessed spatial and temporal variations in the length structure of Hemigrammus marginatus Ellis, 1911 and estimated growth parameters for the species. Sampling was carried out in five streams in the Vitoria and Piravevě sub-basins of the Ivinhema River from January to December 2002. A total of 933 specimens of H. marginatus were caught (97 in the Vitoria sub-basin and 836 in the Piravevě sub-basin). Mean length of the individuals caught in the Piravevě sub-basin was shorter (21.58 mm, SD = 4.67) than that of individuals caught in the Vitoria sub-basin (29.24 mm, SD = 4.42). Analysis of condition factor calculated from the weight/length relationship revealed that the values were constant both spatially (between sub-basins) and temporally (throughout the year). In the Piravevě sub-basin, the theoretical maximal length estimated for this species was 37.26 mm, with natural mortality rate of 1.22 year1, growth rate (k) of 0.66 year1, and growth performance index (9) of 3.80 and 4.25 years of longevity. The input of new individuals in the population occurs twice per year, with greater recruitment at the peak of the rainy season (May) and the peak of the dry season (August). © 2012 Sociedade Brasileira de Zoología. All rights reserved

Bituminous mixtures with low percentage of natural aggregates and rubber modified bitumen with wax

The three mixtures included in the Spanish specifications (asphalt concrete, porous asphalt and very thin asphalt concrete) were designed replacing more than 80% of the natural aggregates by black slag of electric arc furnace and recycled asphalt pavement. Besides, a rubber modified bitumen was used as binder, analyzing the performance of a fatty acid amide wax as additive to decrease its viscosity at mixing temperature, and avoid the higher manufacturing temperature of this type of bitumen. Three stages were carried out to design the mixtures: first, the viscosity analysis of the rubber modified bitumen when the wax is added. Second, the experimental design of the mixtures with the alternative aggregates at conventional temperature, using the rubber modified bitumen without wax. Finally, the study of the behaviour of the three mixes with the same dosage of the previous phase, but manufactured at reduced temperature, that is including the fatty acid amide wax to the binder. The tests of the Spanish specifications have been performed to design the mixtures and compare their performance in both conditions (with and without wax): void characteristics, water sensitivity test, wheel tracking test, and Cantabro loss particle test in dry and wet conditions. The results have shown that it is feasible to design mixtures in which practically the whole mineral skeleton comes from black slag and recycled asphalt, manufacturing them with a rubber modified bitumen but at the same range of temperatures than conventional 50/70 penetration grade binder, and fulfilling the standards for any climatic zone and heavy traffic level

T-Cell Memory Responses Elicited by Yellow Fever Vaccine are Targeted to Overlapping Epitopes Containing Multiple HLA-I and -II Binding Motifs

The yellow fever vaccines (YF-17D-204 and 17DD) are considered to be among the safest vaccines and the presence of neutralizing antibodies is correlated with protection, although other immune effector mechanisms are known to be involved. T-cell responses are known to play an important role modulating antibody production and the killing of infected cells. However, little is known about the repertoire of T-cell responses elicited by the YF-17DD vaccine in humans. In this report, a library of 653 partially overlapping 15-mer peptides covering the envelope (Env) and nonstructural (NS) proteins 1 to 5 of the vaccine was utilized to perform a comprehensive analysis of the virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses. The T-cell responses were screened ex-vivo by IFN-γ ELISPOT assays using blood samples from 220 YF-17DD vaccinees collected two months to four years after immunization. Each peptide was tested in 75 to 208 separate individuals of the cohort. The screening identified sixteen immunodominant antigens that elicited activation of circulating memory T-cells in 10% to 33% of the individuals. Biochemical in-vitro binding assays and immunogenetic and immunogenicity studies indicated that each of the sixteen immunogenic 15-mer peptides contained two or more partially overlapping epitopes that could bind with high affinity to molecules of different HLAs. The prevalence of the immunogenicity of a peptide in the cohort was correlated with the diversity of HLA-II alleles that they could bind. These findings suggest that overlapping of HLA binding motifs within a peptide enhances its T-cell immunogenicity and the prevalence of the response in the population. In summary, the results suggests that in addition to factors of the innate immunity, "promiscuous" T-cell antigens might contribute to the high efficacy of the yellow fever vaccines. © 2013 de Melo et al

Age group, location or pedagogue: factors affecting parental choice of kindergartens in Hungary

Hungary has experienced significant political, economic, demographic and social changes since the end of Soviet domination in the 1990s. The gradual move towards liberal-democracy has been accompanied by growing emphasis on individualism, choice and diversity. Universal kindergarten provision for 5-6 year olds is a long established feature of the Hungarian education system, but little is known about parental choice (Török, 2004). A case study (Yin, 2004) of factors influencing parental choice and satisfaction was undertaken in one Hungarian town. This was based on a survey of 251 parents of children attending both mixed-age and same-age groups across 12 kindergartens. Parents suggested that the most important influences were geographical location and the individual pedagogue(s). Given that traditionally each pedagogue follows ‘their’ cohort from kindergarten entry to primary school, their influence appears heightened. Although generally satisfied with their chosen arrangement, parents from same-age groups expressed significantly more confidence and satisfaction, particularly in relation to cognitive development and preparation for school. Parents appear less convinced about the trend towards mixed-age groups and questions are raised about sufficiency of evidence of their benefits in a Hungarian context and the driving factors behind change

Social marketing applied to HIV/AIDS prevention: the case of a five-year governmental response in Portugal

HIV infection has been a concerning health issue prioritised by health governmental institutions that has required the development of public health policies with an integrated social marketing intervention in an upstream dimension. A behaviour change strategy should invest in segmented communication for priority targets, in partnership with multiple stakeholders. This case explores and discusses the integrated social marketing programme developed by the Portuguese Ministry of Health to prevent HIV/AIDS in the period 2006–2011 and its long-term evaluation in behaviour change, comparing data from 2005 and 2017. This case shows the initial diagnosis; the social marketing strategy developed for different targets in partnership with civil society organisations, following a variety of theoretical frameworks; and effectiveness evaluation in epidemic outcomes. A guide is provided with questions for discussion.FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia(UID/SOC/04521/2013

Estudio del mercado de hortalizas de consumo en fresco para la exportación

43 p.El rubro hortícola es elemental en la industria agrícola tanto mundial como a nivel nacional, las hortalizas son de fundamental importancia en una alimentación saludable, debido a su gran contenido de vitaminas y minerales esenciales en una buena nutrición. A pesar de esto, Chile no presenta mayores cualidades competitivas que aumenten los niveles de exportación de hortalizas de consumo en fresco en el mercado, manteniendo volúmenes de producción pocos relevantes, donde del total de superficies hortícolas, sólo el 19% de ellas se dedican a la exportación en fresco. El presente estudio fue realizado con el objetivo de analizar aspectos críticos del mercado de hortalizas de consumo en fresco destinadas a exportación, determinando posibles proyecciones y oportunidades. Para ello se efectuó un estudio basado en una revisión bibliográfica complementada con una encuesta aplicada a una población de estudio que comprende productores y empresas exportadoras de hortalizas frescas, con un marco muestral de 11 encuestados. Se realizó un análisis a partir de la información recopilada de la encuesta y de información obtenida de una revisión bibliográfica, conociendo sus características de producción y mercado objetivo, permitiendo entender los actuales desafíos, proyecciones y oportunidades del rubro hortícola. Los resultados indican que los cultivos de ajo y cebolla son los más importantes desde el punto de vista de exportación en fresco y superficie cultivada, debido a su gran potencial de conservación. Asimismo, se destaca que, si bien las técnicas actuales y las nuevas tecnologías se han actualizado en el tiempo, no existe un aumento significativo en la comercialización de hortalizas frescas destinadas a exportación, sino que, más bien la oferta se centra hacia los mercados mayoristas nacionales. Los productores a pesar de contar con ventajas que le permitirían entrar a nuevos mercados internacionales, tales como, la variabilidad de clima, aumento de la demanda de mercados vecinos y la condición de contraestación con el hemisferio norte, aún existen debilidades en materia de tecnologías y requisitos de trazabilidad. Por lo tanto y bajo este contexto, se hace necesario avanzar en la incorporación de nuevas tecnologías, asociatividad y mejoras en la inocuidad de los productos en el mercado, para favorecer la entrada de nuevas variedades y especies más atractivas al mercado chileno, enfrentando el principal desafío de los productores de hortalizas frescas apuntando a la actualización sobre las tendencias mundiales, ofreciendo así un mercado potencial, más amplio y diverso. // ABSTRACT: The horticultural sector is elementary in the agricultural industry both globally and nationally, vegetables are of fundamental importance in a healthy diet, due to their high content of essential vitamins and minerals in good nutrition. Despite this, Chile does not present greater competitive qualities that increase the levels of exports of vegetables for fresh consumption in the market, maintaining production volumes of little relevance, where of the total horticultural surfaces, only 19% of them are dedicated to fresh export. This study was carried out with the objective of analyzing critical aspects of the market for fresh vegetables for export, determining possible projections and opportunities. To this end, a study was carried out based on a bibliographical review complemented by a survey applied to a study population that includes producers and exporting companies of fresh vegetables, with a sample frame of 11 respondents. An analysis was carried out based on the information collected from the survey and information obtained from a bibliographic review, knowing its production characteristics and target market, allowing to understand the current challenges, projections and opportunities of the horticultural industry. The results indicate that garlic and onion crops are the most important from the point of view of fresh export and cultivated area, due to their great conservation potential. Likewise, it is highlighted that, although current techniques and new technologies have been updated over time, there is no significant increase in the commercialization of fresh vegetables for export, rather, the offer is focused on markets national wholesalers. The producers, despite having advantages that would allow them to enter new international markets, such as climate variability, increased demand from neighboring markets and the condition of counter-season with the northern hemisphere, there are still weaknesses in terms of technologies and traceability requirements. Therefore, and under this context, it is necessary to advance in the incorporation of new technologies, associativity and improvements in the safety of products in the market, to favor the entry of new varieties and more attractive species to the Chilean market, facing the main challenge of fresh vegetable producers aiming to update on world trends, thus offering a broader and more diverse potential market