12 research outputs found
Clínica Médica e Cirúrgica de Pequenos Animais
The academic fellowship was carried out at the “Governador Laudo Natel” Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences at São Paulo State University (UNESP), campus of Jaboticabal, São Paulo-SP, Brazil, from April 22nd to August 8th, 2014, totaling 560 hours, being 452 hours and 108 hours in Small Animal Medicine Section and Small Animal Surgery Section, respectively. To the trainees it was allowed to do the anamnesis, perform a physical examination, assist in collecting materials for further examinations and administer medications in assisted and/or admitted patients, besides assist or accompany surgical procedures, always under the supervision of the responsible resident. During this period, 258 patients were seen. This report aims to describe the activities undertaken and to report three clinical cases followed during the fellowship.O estágio curricular foi realizado no Hospital Veterinário “Governador Laudo Natel”, junto à Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV) da Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), campus de Jaboticabal, estado de São Paulo-SP, no período de 22 de abril a 08 de agosto de 2014, totalizando 560 horas, sendo 452 e 108 na Clínica Médica e Cirúrgica de Pequenos Animais, respectivamente. Aos estagiários era permitido acompanhar a anamnese, executar o exame físico, auxiliar na colheita de materiais para exames complementares e administrar medicamentos nos pacientes atendidos e/ou internados, além de auxiliar ou acompanhar procedimentos cirúrgicos, sempre sob supervisão do residente responsável. Nesse período, foram atendidos 258 pacientes. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo descrever as atividades desenvolvidas, bem como relatar três casos clínicos acompanhados ao longo do estágio
O PAPEL DA VITAMINA D NAS CARDIOPATIAS
A nutrição potencialmente desempenha uma utilidade importante no manejo de pacientes cardiopatas. Mediante os crescentes estudos e interesse que apontam para a relevância da vitamina D no desenvolvimento e como valor preditivo de alterações cardiovasculares, a presente revisão tem por objetivo destacar os conceitos, aplicações e perspectivas quanto ao uso desse composto. A vitamina D classifica-se como um nutriente dietético essencial para cães e há evidências crescentes de que a sua deficiência é uma importante condição para a patogênese das cardiopatias, ademais, está associada ao aumento da morbidade e mortalidade. Portanto, mais estudos devem ser encorajados perante resultados tão atrativos, no intuito de consolidar tais informações
Técnicas ecocardiográficas para la evaluación de la presión de la arteria pulmonar
This paper aims to perform an analysis of the indirect methods of pulmonary artery pressure assessment based on the scientific literature. Through bibliographic survey, scientific articles were selected according to their relevance to the theme.The assessment of pulmonary artery pressure allows to infer whether the individual has pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), which is associated with a poor prognosis in dogs diagnosed with mitral valve degeneration. The standard examination is pulmonary artery catheterization, but this method has not been used in routine veterinary medicine because the clinical status of the animal usually does not allow sedation and it is a costly procedure. The diagnosis of PAH in small animals through Doppler echocardiography can be obtained by evaluating the regurgitation of the tricuspid or pulmonary valve, subjective characteristics and measurement of the acceleration time (AT) and the acceleration time-to-ejection time ratio of pulmonary artery (AT:ET), pulmonary artery-to-pulmonary vein ratio, distensibility of the right pulmonary artery (RAPD), and assessment of right ventricular function, especially TEI index and strain. The aim of this review was to demonstrate the main echocardiographic techniques to estimate PAH, with the intention of contributing to the cardiologist in the diagnosis of PAH. All techniques have positive and negative factors however, it is important to emphasize that there is no ideal technique, and the most assertive way to arrive at the diagnosis is to associate the different techniques.Este artículo tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis de los métodos indirectos de evaluación de la presión de la arteria pulmonar con base en la literatura científica. A través de la encuesta bibliográfica, los artículos científicos se seleccionaron de acuerdo con su relevancia para el tema. La evaluación de la presión de la arteria pulmonar permite inferir si el individuo tiene hipertensión arterial pulmonar (HAP), que se asocia con un mal pronóstico en perros diagnosticados con degeneración de la válvula mitral. El examen estándar es el cateterismo de la arteria pulmonar, pero este método no se ha utilizado rutinariamente en medicina veterinaria porque el estado clínico del animal generalmente no permite la sedación y es un procedimiento costoso. El diagnóstico de HAP en animales pequeños a través de la ecocardiografía Doppler puede obtenerse evaluando la regurgitación de la válvula tricúspide o pulmonar, las características subjetivas y la medición del tiempo de aceleración (AT) y la relación tiempo de aceleración / tiempo de expulsión de la arteria pulmonar (TA:TE), relación arteria pulmonar-vena pulmonar, distensibilidad de la arteria pulmonar derecha (RAPD) y evaluación de la función ventricular derecha, especialmente el índice TEI y strain. El objetivo de esta revisión fue demostrar las principales técnicas ecocardiográficas para estimar la HAP, con la intención de ayudar al cardiólogo en el diagnóstico de la HAP. Todas las técnicas tienen factores positivos y negativos, sin embargo es importante enfatizar que no existe una técnica ideal, y la forma más asertiva de llegar al diagnóstico es asociar las diferentes técnicas.O presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar uma análise dos métodos indiretos da avaliação da pressão da artéria pulmonar com base na literatura científica. Por meio de levantamento bibliográfico, artigos científicos foram selecionados conforme a sua relevância para o tema. A avaliação da pressão da artéria pulmonar permite inferir se o paciente apresenta hipertensão arterial pulmonar (HAP), a qual está associada a um prognóstico ruim em cães. O exame padrão é a cateterização da artéria pulmonar, porém este método não tem sido utilizado na rotina da medicina veterinária porque o quadro clínico do animal comumente não permite a sedação e por se tratar de um procedimento oneroso. O diagnóstico da HAP em pequenos animais por meio da ecodopplercardiografia pode ser obtido com a avaliação da regurgitação da valva tricúspide ou pulmonar, características subjetivas e mensuração do tempo de aceleração (TA) e relação entre o tempo de aceleração e o tempo de ejeção do fluxo pulmonar (TA:TE), relação entre a artéria pulmonar e a veia pulmonar, distensibilidade da artéria pulmonar direita (RPAD), e ainda por avaliação da função do ventrículo direito, principalmente o índice de TEI e o strain. O objetivo desta revisão foi demonstrar as principais técnicas ecocardiográficas para estimar HAP, com o intuito de contribuir com o cardiologista no diagnóstico da HAP. Todas as técnicas apresentam fatores positivos e negativos, porém é importante ressaltar que não existe uma técnica ideal, e a forma mais assertiva de se chegar ao diagnóstico é associando as diversas técnicas
Síndrome hemorrágica pulmonar em cão associada à leptospirose
Background: Leptospirosis is probably the most widespread and prevalent zoonosis in the world, being classified as an emerging infectious disease for humans and dogs. Sporadically, dogs may present with cough and dyspnea, indicative of pulmonary involvement, associated with interstitial pneumonia and pulmonary hemorrhage with alveolar consolidation. Such changes stem from pulmonary haemorrhagic syndrome, which has emerged as a fatal complication, being documented in some areas in Europe and little described in North America. In this sense, the present study aims to report pulmonary hemorrhagic syndrome in a dog with leptospirosis.Case: A dog with no defined breed, aged 45 days, weighing 2.2 kg, with a history of apathy, anorexia, jaundice, hematochezia and vocalisation with a two day evolution was seen. Physical examination revealed a rectal temperature of 37.2°C, icteric mucosa, capillary filling time of two seconds, respiratory rate of 80 movements per minute and heart rate of 140 beats per minute, dehydration rate estimated at 8%, prostration, adequate body score, normal cardiac sounds and clean lung fields, in addition to petechiae in the abdominal region, whose palpation evidenced the presence of fluid in intestinal loops. The blood sample sent to the macroscopic serum agglutination was reagent for the serovar Icterohaemorragiae, titration of 200. Blood count revealed leukocytosis due to neutrophilia, with left-sided deviation, eosinopenia, presence of rare hypersegmentated neutrophils, rare toxic neutrophils, mild cytoplasmic basophilia and rare reactive lymphocytes. Platelet estimation demonstrated thrombocytopenia. No haemoparasites were seen. Regarding the biochemical evaluation, there were changes in liver enzymes and markers of renal failure. Fluid therapy was used with 0.9% NaCl solution, 5 mg/ kg doxycycline intravenously every 12 h and nasogastric probe for administration of nutritional support. One day after the initial evaluation, hemoptysis and diffuse crackling occurred in pulmonary lobes on auscultation. In the radiograph of the chest, pulmonary fields were characterized by a diffuse interstitial bronchial pattern and a focal area, located in the left caudal lobe, with opacification tending to the alveolar pattern. Due to pulmonary alterations, the animal presented respiratory arrest and evolved to death. During necropsy, the macroscopic evaluation revealed a pinkish coloration pattern, with multifocal reddish areas with coalescent interspersed in the parenchyma and hypocrepitation. Regarding the morphology, multifocal hemorrhagic pneumonia was observed, focally extensive, moderate to severe.Discussion: Recently, pulmonary haemorrhagic syndrome has emerged as a severe form of leptospirosis in many species, including humans and dogs. Patients may develop fulminant pulmonary haemorrhage and result in a high mortality rate. Physiopathogenesis is poorly understood, however, it is believed that there is a multifactorial pathogenesis involving factors related to both pathogen and host, such as immunological mechanisms and coagulopathies. Studies in humans have shown a better evolution after the use of cyclophosphamide, but the benefits of this therapy have not yet been determined in dogs. Therefore, pulmonary haemorrhagic syndrome should be considered in patients with leptospirosis who show respiratory changes, due to the severity of the clinical signs and the high lethality associated with this clinical condition
Contribuição ao estudo do ventrículo direito em cães saudáveis e com hipertensão pulmonar
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marlos Gonçalves SousaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias. Defesa : Curitiba, 28/11/2022Inclui referênciasResumo: Os objetivos da elaboração desta tese foram investigar a utilização da tomografia computadorizada para avaliação estrutural do lado direito do coração em cães saudáveis, bem como o uso da ecocardiografia por speckle tracking para estudo da função sistólica ventricular direita em cães saudáveis e com hipertensão pulmonar. Nos últimos anos, o lado direito do coração tem sido foco de pesquisas por ser influenciado direta ou indiretamente tanto por cardiopatias quanto condições clínicas que afetem o leito vascular pulmonar. Hipertensão pulmonar é um termo global que descreve um quadro hemodinâmico complexo, responsável pelo aumento progressivo das pressões na vasculatura pulmonar, resultando em gradientes de pressão sistólica que excedem o esperado. O primeiro capítulo analisou a utilização da tomografia computadorizada como uma nova ferramenta para avaliação do lado direito do coração, tendo como referência a ecocardiografia. A concordância entre as técnicas foi satisfatória para a maioria dos parâmetros avaliados. Boa repetibilidade foi encontrada para as análises tomográficas, sendo que os coeficientes de variação foram semelhantes para a maioria das variáveis entre as análises intraobservador e interobservador. No segundo capítulo, o TMAD foi utilizado para avaliar a função sistólica do ventrículo direito de cães saudáveis. Os valores de TMAD variaram de acordo com o peso corporal. Houve correlação do TMAD em mm com todos os índices de função sistólica do ventrículo direito. O coeficiente de variação para a avaliação intraobservador foi menor para o TMAD em mm (9.9%) quando comparado ao strain da parede livre (17.9%). Além disso, o tempo médio para realização do TMAD (8.1 segundos) foi inferior ao strain da parede livre (37.7 segundos). O terceiro capítulo, por sua vez, analisou a utilização do TMAD para avaliação da função sistólica do ventrículo direito de cães com hipertensão pulmonar. Os pacientes com hipertensão pulmonar pré-capilar apresentaram valores de TMAD inferiores em comparação aos saudáveis e com hipertensão pulmonar pós-capilar. Houve um comportamento de redução dos valores do TMAD de acordo com a gravidade da hipertensão pulmonar. O TMAD (mm/kg) apresentou correlação com todas as variáveis ecocardiográficas, exceto para S'. A presente tese trouxe informações importantes como contribuição ao estudo do lado direito do coração. As medidas propostas derivadas da tomografia computadorizada apresentam boa repetibilidade e concordância satisfatória para a maioria dos parâmetros avaliados no ecocardiograma. O TMAD é uma técnica promissora, de simples execução e que demonstrou redução progressiva de acordo com a gravidade da hipertensão pulmonar. Promete ser uma ferramenta complementar para avaliação da função sistólica do ventrículo direito, além das metodologias utilizadas previamente.Abstract: This thesis aimed to explore the use of computed tomography for structural assessment of the right heart and the value of speckle tracking echocardiography to evaluate the right ventricular systolic function in healthy dogs and patients with pulmonary hypertension. In recent years, the right heart has been the focus of research because it is directly or indirectly influenced by heart diseases and clinical conditions that affect the pulmonary vascular bed. Pulmonary hypertension is a global term that describes a complex hemodynamic phenomena, responsible for the progressive increase in the pulmonary vasculature pressures, resulting in systolic pressure gradients that exceed expectations. The first chapter analyzed the use of computed tomography as a new tool for evaluating the right heart, using echocardiography as a reference. The agreement between the techniques was satisfactory for most of the parameters evaluated. Good repeatability was found for tomographic analyses, and the coefficients of variation were similar for most variables between intraobserver and interobserver analyses. In the second chapter, the TMAD was used to assess the systolic function of the right ventricle in healthy dogs. TMAD values varied according to body weight. There was a correlation of the TMAD in mm with all indices of right ventricular systolic function. The coefficient of variation for the intraobserver assessment was lower for the TMAD in mm (9.9%) when compared to the free wall strain (17.9%). In addition, the mean time to perform the TMAD (8.1 seconds) was lower than the free wall strain (37.7 seconds). The third chapter, in turn, analyzed the use of TMAD to assess the systolic function of the right ventricle in dogs with pulmonary hypertension. Patients with precapillary pulmonary hypertension had lower TMAD values than healthy patients and those with postcapillary pulmonary hypertension. There was a behavior of reduction of the TMAD values according to the severity of the HP. The TMAD (mm/kg) correlated with all echocardiographic variables, except for S'. The present thesis brought important information as a contribution to the study of the right heart. The proposed measures derived from computed tomography present good repeatability and satisfactory agreement for most of the parameters evaluated concerning echocardiography. TMAD is a promising technique that is simple to perform and it showed a progressive reduction according to the severity of pulmonary hypertension. It promises to be a complementary tool for the assessment of right ventricular systolic function, in addition to the methodologies previously used
Avaliação doppler das veias hepáticas e sua correlação com variáveis estruturais e funcionais do ventrículo direito em cães saudáveis e em cães com hipertensão pulmonar
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marlos Gonçalves SousaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias. Defesa : Curitiba, 28/02/2019Inclui referênciasResumo: Nesta dissertação foi avaliada a correlação entre medidas que retratam a função e morfologia do ventrículo direito (VD) com o Doppler espectral das veias hepáticas em cães saudáveis e em cães com hipertensão pulmonar (HP), de modo a consolidar essa técnica como uma modalidade adicional no diagnóstico dessa importante condição clínica. HP é um termo global que descreve um quadro hemodinâmico complexo, responsável pelo aumento progressivo das pressões na vasculatura pulmonar. Uma vez que desencadeia alterações hemodinâmicas nas câmaras cardíacas direitas, é de se esperar que haja reflexos no Doppler hepático. Sendo assim, este trabalho foi subdividido em introdução e dois capítulos. O primeiro capítulo investigou a correlação do Doppler venoso hepático com variáveis morfofuncionais do VD em cães saudáveis. Para isso, foram avaliados 65 cães de diversas raças, pesos e idades. Valores de referência foram estabelecidos e observou-se boa repetibilidade e baixa variabilidade para as avaliações intra e interobservador, com média para execução dos exames de 5.2 minutos. O Doppler espectral hepático apresentou correlação com índices de função sistólica e diastólica do VD e variou conforme o peso dos animais. No segundo capítulo, foram recrutados 43 cães com diferentes graus de HP e 15 cães saudáveis como grupo controle, a fim de comparar e avaliar o comportamento do Doppler venoso hepático durante a evolução da doença. Os valores das ondas espectrais hepáticas A, S, V e D e o padrão fásico variaram de acordo com o grau de HP. Correlações foram observadas entre as ondas do Doppler venoso hepático com a idade, frequência cardíaca e variáveis morfofuncionais do VD. Houve boa sensibilidade da onda D (100%) com ponto de corte de 11.6 cm ? s-1 para distinção dos cães com HP importante daqueles saudáveis. A gravidade da HP mostrou-se negativamente ligada ao tempo médio para a recidiva dos sinais clínicos e de sobrevida. O Doppler espectral hepático é uma técnica passível de ser executada sem dificuldade, com bons resultados suportados pelo exame ecocardiográfico e que permite ao ultrassonografista uma melhor triagem para o diagnóstico de HP. Palavras-chave: Diagnóstico. Hipertensão pulmonary. Doppler hepático. Hemodinâmica. Ecocardiografia.Abstract: This dissertation evaluated the correlation between values that represent the function and morphology of the right ventricle (RV) with the spectral Doppler of the hepatic veins in healthy dogs and in dogs with pulmonary hypertension (PH), in order to consolidate this technique as an additional modality in the diagnosis of this important clinical condition. PH is a global term that describes a complex hemodynamic condition, responsible for the progressive increase of pressures in the pulmonary vasculature. Since it triggers hemodynamic changes in the right cardiac chambers, it is expected that there will be reflexes in hepatic Doppler. Thus, this work was subdivided into an introduction and two chapters. The first chapter investigated the correlation of hepatic venous Doppler with RV morphofunctional variables in healthy dogs. For this, 65 dogs of different breeds, weights and ages were evaluated. Reference values were established and good repeatability and low variability were observed for intra and interobserver evaluations, with an average of 5.2 minutes. Hepatic spectral Doppler showed correlation with RV systolic and diastolic indexes and varied according to the animals weight. In the second chapter, 43 dogs with different PH degrees and 15 healthy dogs were recruited as a control group, in order to compare and evaluate the behavior of hepatic venous Doppler during the evolution of the disease. Hepatic spectral wave A, S, V and D values and the phasic pattern varied according to the PH level. Correlations were observed between hepatic venous Doppler waves with age, heart rate and RV morphofunctional variables. There was good sensitivity of the D wave (100%) with cutoff point of 11.6 cm ? s-1 for the distinction of dogs with significant PH from those healthy. PH severity was negatively correlated with mean time to relapse of clinical signs and survival. Hepatic spectral Doppler is a technique that can be performed without difficulty, with good results supported by the echocardiographic exam and allows the sonographer to better screen for the diagnosis of PH. Keywords: Diagnosis. Pulmonary hypertension. Hepatic Doppler. Hemodynamics. Echocardiography
ASPECTOS MORFOLÓGICOS DO PROVENTRÍCULO E VENTRÍCULO GÁSTRICO DE Crypturellus parvirostris (WAGLER, 1827)
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the morphological characteristics of the proventriculus and gastric ventricle of Crypturellus parvirostris. Two adult males were used, with a mean weight of 939 ± 12.7 g, from the region of Araguaína, State of Tocantins. After capture, the birds were euthanized through intravenous application of 2.5% sodium thiopental until barbiturate coma was attained. Then, they were necropsied and their organs and viscera were evaluated morphologically. The anatomical and histological characteristics of the proventriculus and gastric ventricle of C. parvirostris were similar to those of other tinamid species, but there is a lack of morphological data related to the family Tinamidae
Arterial Thromboembolism Secondary to Subaortic Stenosis in a Persian Kitten
Background: Aortic stenosis refers to several types of anatomic and functional obstructions of the left ventricular outflow tract. In small animals, this anomaly is most commonly documented as either a congenital lesion or an obstruction that develops soon after birth. It is a hereditary disease, caused by a dominant autosomal gene and modifying genes that interfere with phenotype expression. Even though aortic thromboembolism may be a potential complication in cats with cardiac diseases, aortic stenosis is deemed rare in that species. In this paper, we report an unusual case of a Persian kitten with aortic stenosis that eventually developed arterial thromboembolism.Case: A 7-month-old Persian kitten (3.1 kg) was admitted to a Veterinary Teaching Hospital with a history of hindlimbs paralysis over the past 48 h, as well as excessive vocalization. Also, the cat presented with inappetence, adipsia, urine incontinence, and hematuria. On physical examination, we observed hypothermia and cold paws. The footpads were cyanotic and there were no palpable femoral pulses. Cardiac auscultation disclosed a regular fast pace (200 bpm) and a grade 2/6 murmur heard best over the left cardiac base, but irradiating to the contralateral hemithorax. Prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were within the normal reference range, but the complete blood count showed microcytosis, lymphopenia, and hyperproteinemia. Also, elevated alanine aminotransferase and BUN were identified. On the echocardiogram, we observed a subvalvular aortic stenosis, which resulted in concentric remodeling of the left ventricle and a mild left atrial dilation. The stenotic lesion was classified as mild. Also, the thoracic radiography unveiledcardiomegaly. The recommended therapy included atenolol (6.25 mg/cat PO, q24h), clopidogrel (18.7 mg/cat PO, q24h), enoxaparin (1 mg/kg SC, q24 h), methadone (0.2 mg/kg IM, q8h) and amoxicillin + potassium clavulanate (20 mg/kg SC, q12h). Additional recommendations included physical therapy on the hindlimbs as well as monitoring heart rate and blood pressure every two hours in the first day, and every six hours thereafter during hospitalization. Seven days later, the cat was depressed, extremely lethargic, and did not respond to therapy at all. Also, necrosis was documented on the hindlimb paws. Therefore, in face of the unfavorable prognosis, the owners opted for euthanasia.Discussion: Cats with cardiomyopathy have an increased risk for developing arterial thromboembolism. The dilated left atrium causes blood stasis and, because of the augmented sensitivity of platelets to serotonin, they aggregate and increase the likelihood of thrombi formation. While some thrombi remain within the heart, usually in the left atrial appendage, others may dislodge and follow blood flow to the aortic trifurcation down in the abdomen. That obstruction impairs blood flow to its tributaries such as the iliac and femoral arteries, which are involved with the hind limbs perfusion. Cats with severe stenotic lesions usually carry a bad prognosis, contrasting with our patient in which only a mild stenosis was documented.However, having developed aortic thromboembolism absolutely changed the prognosis for this cat. Although aortic stenosis is an uncommon condition in cats, its occurrence should be considered as differential diagnosis whenever young patients are admitted with a cardiac murmur. If the diagnosis is confirmed, the patient will need periodical re-evaluations due to the possibility of complications such as arterial thromboembolism. This condition carries a bad prognosis. In this case, it was responsible for the decline in clinical condition which eventually was crucial for the owner opting to euthanize the cat.Keywords: congenital heart disease, echocardiography, valve dysplasia, ischemia
Echocardiographic techniques for assessing pulmonary artery pressure
This paper aims to perform an analysis of the indirect methods of pulmonary artery pressure assessment based on the scientific literature. Through bibliographic survey, scientific articles were selected according to their relevance to the theme.The assessment of pulmonary artery pressure allows to infer whether the individual has pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), which is associated with a poor prognosis in dogs diagnosed with mitral valve degeneration. The standard examination is pulmonary artery catheterization, but this method has not been used in routine veterinary medicine because the clinical status of the animal usually does not allow sedation and it is a costly procedure. The diagnosis of PAH in small animals through Doppler echocardiography can be obtained by evaluating the regurgitation of the tricuspid or pulmonary valve, subjective characteristics and measurement of the acceleration time (AT) and the acceleration time-to-ejection time ratio of pulmonary artery (AT:ET), pulmonary artery-to-pulmonary vein ratio, distensibility of the right pulmonary artery (RAPD), and assessment of right ventricular function, especially TEI index and strain. The aim of this review was to demonstrate the main echocardiographic techniques to estimate PAH, with the intention of contributing to the cardiologist in the diagnosis of PAH. All techniques have positive and negative factors however, it is important to emphasize that there is no ideal technique, and the most assertive way to arrive at the diagnosis is to associate the different techniques.O presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar uma análise dos métodos indiretos da avaliação da pressão da artéria pulmonar com base na literatura científica. Por meio de levantamento bibliográfico, artigos científicos foram selecionados conforme a sua relevância para o tema. A avaliação da pressão da artéria pulmonar permite inferir se o paciente apresenta hipertensão arterial pulmonar (HAP), a qual está associada a um prognóstico ruim em cães. O exame padrão é a cateterização da artéria pulmonar, porém este método não tem sido utilizado na rotina da medicina veterinária porque o quadro clínico do animal comumente não permite a sedação e por se tratar de um procedimento oneroso. O diagnóstico da HAP em pequenos animais por meio da ecodopplercardiografia pode ser obtido com a avaliação da regurgitação da valva tricúspide ou pulmonar, características subjetivas e mensuração do tempo de aceleração (TA) e relação entre o tempo de aceleração e o tempo de ejeção do fluxo pulmonar (TA:TE), relação entre a artéria pulmonar e a veia pulmonar, distensibilidade da artéria pulmonar direita (RPAD), e ainda por avaliação da função do ventrículo direito, principalmente o índice de TEI e o strain. O objetivo desta revisão foi demonstrar as principais técnicas ecocardiográficas para estimar HAP, com o intuito de contribuir com o cardiologista no diagnóstico da HAP. Todas as técnicas apresentam fatores positivos e negativos, porém é importante ressaltar que não existe uma técnica ideal, e a forma mais assertiva de se chegar ao diagnóstico é associando as diversas técnicas.Este artículo tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis de los métodos indirectos de evaluación de la presión de la arteria pulmonar con base en la literatura científica. A través de la encuesta bibliográfica, los artículos científicos se seleccionaron de acuerdo con su relevancia para el tema. La evaluación de la presión de la arteria pulmonar permite inferir si el individuo tiene hipertensión arterial pulmonar (HAP), que se asocia con un mal pronóstico en perros diagnosticados con degeneración de la válvula mitral. El examen estándar es el cateterismo de la arteria pulmonar, pero este método no se ha utilizado rutinariamente en medicina veterinaria porque el estado clínico del animal generalmente no permite la sedación y es un procedimiento costoso. El diagnóstico de HAP en animales pequeños a través de la ecocardiografía Doppler puede obtenerse evaluando la regurgitación de la válvula tricúspide o pulmonar, las características subjetivas y la medición del tiempo de aceleración (AT) y la relación tiempo de aceleración / tiempo de expulsión de la arteria pulmonar (TA:TE), relación arteria pulmonar-vena pulmonar, distensibilidad de la arteria pulmonar derecha (RAPD) y evaluación de la función ventricular derecha, especialmente el índice TEI y strain. El objetivo de esta revisión fue demostrar las principales técnicas ecocardiográficas para estimar la HAP, con la intención de ayudar al cardiólogo en el diagnóstico de la HAP. Todas las técnicas tienen factores positivos y negativos, sin embargo es importante enfatizar que no existe una técnica ideal, y la forma más asertiva de llegar al diagnóstico es asociar las diferentes técnicas
Experimental Infection with Sporulated Oocysts of Eimeria maxima (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in Broiler
Through this study we assessed the metabolic and pathological changes in broilers experimentally infected with oocysts of Eimeria maxima. To perform the experiment, we used 150 broiler strain cooB males, with ten days of age, were randomized according to weight and randomly assigned to two experimental groups: the control group was inoculated with 0.5 mL of distilled water; the infected group inoculated with 0.5 mL of solution containing 5 × 10 4 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria maxima. The live performance was evaluated on day 0 (day of inoculation), 5 ∘ , 10 ∘ , 15 ∘ , 25 ∘ , and 35 ∘ dpi, being slaughtered by cervical dislocation, fifteen birds/group. Although the sum in meat production was higher in the control group, the weight of the heart and gizzard of the experimental animals showed no significant difference, while the liver had difference on day 5 ∘ , 15 ∘ , and 35 ∘ dpi. The pathologic evaluation showed congested mucosa and presence of large amounts of mucus at 6 dpi. Therefore, it is concluded that the dose of 5 × 10 4 E. maxima inoculated in the experimental group was enough to cause harm to the animal organism