Aplicación del Diseño Social en una experiencia local orientada al mejoramiento de políticas públicas de envejecimiento poblacional, Valparaíso-Chile

El envejecimiento poblacional a nivel global y local es una realidad que desafía a todas las disciplinas, incluyendo al diseño. La Región de Valparaíso posee la mayor proporción de personas ≥ de 60 años o Adultos Mayores (AM) del país. Entre las situacionesproblema que enfrenta este grupo poblacional, en especial aquellos que se encuentran en un entorno social con múltiples carencias y vulnerabilidades, está la malnutrición. Chile cuenta con un programa de alimentación complementaria orientado a los AM, sin embargo, no ha dado el resultado esperado. Este artículo describe y analiza una experiencia de diseño llevada a cabo en Valparaíso, en el contexto de un proyecto social que busca mejorar la eficacia del programa público de alimentación. La experiencia, metodológicamente, consistió en el diseño participativo de un sistema de preparaciones alimentarias saludables para adultos mayores autovalentes, contemplando, por una parte, la caracterización sociodemográfica, de salud, hábitos y preferencias alimentarias de un grupo de adultos mayores autovalentes y vulnerables socioeconómicamente y, por otra, la realización de talleres de diseño participativo, para construir colaborativamente el sistema de comunicación del proyecto: marca y etiqueta de los alimentos. Se entregaron, además, preparaciones alimentarias para ser degustadas y valoradas por los AM durante tres meses. La participación fue voluntaria con firma de consentimiento informado. Resultados: los atributos positivos de la marca y las etiquetas que más destacan los AM son los siguientes: el diseño novedoso, el nombre, los dibujos, los colores llamativos; complementariamente, los aspectos que se debieran ajustar, desde la perspectiva de los AM, son: letras más grandes y claras. Desde el análisis de la experiencia se identifican tres factores críticos para este nivel de diseño social: 1. El rol del diseñador en un “modelo social” de intervención profesional, 2. El rol del usuario-participante en el proceso de co-diseño, y 3. El rol del diseño en el contexto social.

Spectral network based on component cells under the SOPHIA European project

In the frame of the European project SOPHIA, a spectral network based on component (also called isotypes) cells has been created. Among the members of this project, several spectral sensors based on component cells and collimating tubes, so-called spectroheliometers, were installed in the last years, allowing the collection of minute-resolution spectral data useful for CPV systems characterization across Europe. The use of spectroheliometers has been proved useful to establish the necessary spectral conditions to perform power rating of CPV modules and systems. If enough data in a given period of time is collected, ideally a year, it is possible to characterize spectrally the place where measurements are taken, in the same way that hours of annual irradiation can be estimated using a pyrheliometer

Performance analysis of AlGaAs/GaAs tunnel junctions for ultra-high concentration photovoltaics

An n(++)-GaAs/p(++)-AlGaAs tunnel junction with a peak current density of 10 100Acm(-2) is developed. This device is a tunnel junction for multijunction solar cells, grown lattice-matched on standard GaAs or Ge substrates, with the highest peak current density ever reported. The voltage drop for a current density equivalent to the operation of the multijunction solar cell up to 10 000 suns is below 5 mV. Trap-assisted tunnelling is proposed to be behind this performance, which cannot be justified by simple band-to-band tunnelling. The metal-organic vapour-phase epitaxy growth conditions, which are in the limits of the transport-limited regime, and the heavy tellurium doping levels are the proposed origins of the defects enabling trap-assisted tunnelling. The hypothesis of trap-assisted tunnelling is supported by the observed annealing behaviour of the tunnel junctions, which cannot be explained in terms of dopant diffusion or passivation. For the integration of these tunnel junctions into a triple-junction solar cell, AlGaAs barrier layers are introduced to suppress the formation of parasitic junctions, but this is found to significantly degrade the performance of the tunnel junctions. However, the annealed tunnel junctions with barrier layers still exhibit a peak current density higher than 2500Acm(-2) and a voltage drop at 10 000 suns of around 20 mV, which are excellent properties for tunnel junctions and mean they can serve as low-loss interconnections in multijunction solar cells working at ultra-high concentrations

Biotic homogenization in the availability of ornamental seeds of the native flora in Chile

Biotic homogenization is a global phenomenon, mainly in urban areas where exotic species are dominant, contributing to the loss of native biodiversity. Gardening native flora to promote local biodiversity is becoming a conservation practice in urban settings. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the representation of the Chilean native flora in the Chilean and international ornamental flower seed market to know which native plant seeds are sold. We found that native seed are absent in the local market and that the totality of seed supply in the market corresponds to species of exotic origin, mainly from the Palearctic region (43%). However, surprisingly, many Chilean flower seeds are traded in the international market (approximately 6% of the total Chilean flora). This lack of availability of native seeds for local consumers constitutes a bottleneck for ecological restoration initiatives. It is consistent with the greater abundance of exotic species in urban green areas and supports the hypothesis of biocultural homogenization

The State of the Art in Hydrodynamic Turbulence: Past Successes and Future Challenges

We present a personal view of the state of the art in turbulence research. We summarize first the main achievements in the recent past, and then point ahead to the main challenges that remain for experimental and theoretical efforts.Comment: 19 pages, 6 figures, submitted to Physica

NGCPV: a new generation of concentrator photovoltaic cells, modules and systems

Starting on June 2011, NGCPV is the first project funded jointly between the European Commission (EC) and the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) of Japan to research on new generation concentration photovoltaics (CPV). The Project, through a collaborative research between seven European and nine Japanese leading research centers in the field of CPV, aims at lowering the cost of the CPVproduced photovoltaic kWh down to 5 ?cents. The main objective of the project is to improve the present concentrator cell, module and system efficiency, as well as developing advanced characterization tools for CPV components and systems. As particular targets, the project aims at achieving a cell efficiency of at least 45% and a CPV module with an efficiency greater than 35%. This paper describes the R&D activities that are being carried out within the NGCPV project and summarizes some of the most relevant results that have already been attained, for instance: the manufacturing of a 44.4% world record efficiency triple junction solar cell (by Sharp Corp.) and the installation of a 50 kWp experimental CPV plant in Spain, which will be used to obtain accurate forecasts of the energy produced at system level