Levels of Explanation and Translation Expertise

The observable activity of translation, the series of text comprehension and text production bursts we identify as translation, is the result of the activation of complex underlying cognitive systems. In the conduct of research it is often useful to approach such complex systems using a ‘levels of explanation’ framework. This paper considers David Marr’s (1982) three levels of explanation as they might apply to understanding translation and translation expertise more robustly. In cognitive translation studies to date, we have not really extended our understanding of expertise much past the second (algorithmic/representational) level in Marr’s scheme; we have failed to grapple as effectively as we might with the problem of how the second generation computationalist expertise constructs we adopted almost twenty years ago could be integrated with, for instance, connectionist neural network models of the mind, creating a third generation of expertise models. This paper offers some frameworks laying out how that end might be achieved using, for instance, symbolic connectionism and implementational connectivism. Further, it argues that given the overtly symbolic nature of translation language processing, cognitively-oriented translation scholars are uniquely suited to benefit from approaches that bridge the divide between symbol processing models and connectionist ones

Efficacy of screen recording in the other-revision of translations: episodic memory and event models

In a 2011 study, Angelone compared the self-revision results of graduate German translation students. Participants documented their original translations using Integrated Problem and Decision Reporting (IPDR) logs (Gile 2004), think-aloud protocols and screen recordings. They then used this documentation to assist self-revision of their translations. Angelone found a significant improvement in error detection overall and in each of six discrete error categories when participants used screen recordings to assist their self-revision. We sought to partially replicate Angelone’s findings concerning the efficacy of screen recording in translation revision. Instead of focusing on self-revision, we studied other-revision and broadened our scope to examine the behavior of graduate students in both Spanish and German translation. We hypothesized that error analysis overall would show that screen recording would again prove to be a more efficacious process protocol in support of revision than IPDR logs, as was the case in Angelone’s study. We also hypothesized that we would replicate his findings for each of the six error categories. The results partially confirmed Angelone’s results: screen recordings were significantly more efficacious than IPDR logs in overall error mitigation.En un estudio de 2011, Angelone comparó los resultados de auto-revisión de estudiantes graduados de traducción alemán-inglés. Los participantes documentaron sus traducciones originales mediante registros integrados de problemas y decisiones (IPDR, por sus siglas en inglés; Gile 2004), protocolos de pensamiento en voz alta, y grabaciones de pantalla. Después utilizaron esta documentación para facilitar la autorevisión de sus traducciones. Angelone encontró una mejora significativa general en la detección de errores y, en particular, en seis categorías específicas de errores cuando los participantes utilizaron las grabaciones de pantalla para sustentar su auto-revisión. En este estudio intentamos replicar parcialmente los resultados de Angelone con respecto a la eficacia de las grabaciones de pantalla para revisar traducciones. En lugar de centrarnos en la auto-revisión, estudiamos la revisión de traducciones ajenas. Según nuestra hipótesis de partida, el análisis de errores en general mostraría que las grabaciones de pantalla resultarían ser de nuevo un protocolo de proceso más eficaz en apoyo de la revisión que los registros IPDR, como en el estudio de Angelone. Otra hipótesis consistía en que replicaríamos sus resultados en cada una de las seis categorías de errores. Los resultados confirmaron parcialmente los obtenidos por Angelone: las grabaciones de pantalla fueron significativamente más eficaces que los registros IPDR en la mitigación general de errores

Operationalizing risk perception and preparedness behavior research for a multi-hazard context

Increasingly, citizens are being asked to take a more active role in disaster risk reduction (DRR), as decentralization of hazard governance has shifted greater responsibility for hazard preparedness actions onto individuals. Simultaneously, the taxonomy of hazards considered for DRR has expanded to include medical and social crises alongside natural hazards. Risk perception research emerged to support decision-makers with understanding how people characterize and evaluate different hazards to anticipate behavioral response and guide risk communication. Since its inception, the risk perception concept has been incorporated into many behavioral theories, which have been applied to examine preparedness for numerous hazard types. Behavioral theories have had moderate success in predicting or explaining preparedness behaviors; however, they are typically applied to a single hazard type and there is a gap in understanding which theories (if any) are suited for examining multiple hazard types simultaneously. This paper first reviews meta-analyses of behavioral theories to better understand performance. Universal lessons learnt are summarized for survey design. Second, theoretically based preparedness studies for floods, earthquakes, epidemics, and terrorism are reviewed to assess the conceptual requirements for a ‘multi-hazard’ preparedness approach. The development of an online preparedness self-assessment and learning platform is discussed

Direct glass bonded high specific power silicon solar cells for space applications

A lightweight, radiation hard, high performance, ultra-thin silicon solar cell is described that incorporates light trapping and a cover glass as an integral part of the device. The manufacturing feasibility of high specific power, radiation insensitive, thin silicon solar cells was demonstrated experimentally and with a model. Ultra-thin, light trapping structures were fabricated and the light trapping demonstrated experimentally. The design uses a micro-machined, grooved back surface to increase the optical path length by a factor of 20. This silicon solar cell will be highly tolerant to radiation because the base width is less than 25 microns making it insensitive to reduction in minority carrier lifetime. Since the silicon is bonded without silicone adhesives, this solar cell will also be insensitive to UV degradation. These solar cells are designed as a form, fit, and function replacement for existing state of the art silicon solar cells with the effect of simultaneously increasing specific power, power/area, and power supply life. Using a 3-mil thick cover glass and a 0.3 g/sq cm supporting Al honeycomb, a specific power for the solar cell plus cover glass and honeycomb of 80.2 W/Kg is projected. The development of this technology can result in a revolutionary improvement in high survivability silicon solar cell products for space with the potential to displace all existing solar cell technologies for single junction space applications

There is no Nontrivial Hedging Portfolio for Option Pricing with Transaction Costs

Conventional wisdom holds that since continuous-time, Black-Scholes hedging is infinitely expensive in a model with proportional transaction costs, there is no continuous-time strategy which hedges a European call option perfectly. Of course, if one is attempting to dominate the European call rather than replicate it, then one can use the trivial strategy of buying one share of the underlying stock and holding to maturity. In this paper we prove that this is, in fact, the least expensive method of dominating a European call in a Black-Scholes model with proportional transaction costs

Incorporating Tailored Interactive Patient Solutions Using Interactive Voice Response Technology to Improve Statin Adherence: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial in a Managed Care Setting

Abstract The current study presents the impact of a behavior change program to increase statin adherence using interactive voice response (IVR) technology. Subjects were affiliated with a large health benefit company, were prescribed a statin (index) and had no lipid-lowering pharmacy claims in the previous 6 months, and were continuously enrolled in the plan for 12 months prior and 6 months post index statin. Potential subjects (1219) were contacted by the IVR system; 497 gave informed consent. Subjects were asked to respond to 15 questions from the IVR that were guided by several behavior change theories. At the conclusion of the questions, subjects were randomly assigned to either a control group (n=244), who received generic feedback at the conclusion of the call and were then mailed a generic cholesterol guide, or an experimental group (n=253), who received tailored feedback based on their cholesterol-related knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and perceived barriers to medication adherence, and were mailed a tailored guide that reinforced similar themes. Subjects in the experimental group had the opportunity to participate in 2 additional tailored IVR support calls. The primary dependent variable was 6-month point prevalence, defined as claims evidence of a statin on days 121-180 post index statin. Subjects in the experimental group had a significantly higher 6-month point prevalence than the controls (70.4% vs. 60.7%, P<0.05). Results of this study suggest that a behavioral support program using IVR technology can be a cost-effective modality to address the important public health problem of patient nonadherence with statin medication. (Population Health Management 2009;12:241-254)Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/78104/1/pop.2008.0046.pd

Communication With Children and Families About Disaster: Reviewing Multi-disciplinary Literature 2015-2017

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To identify strategies for communicating with youth and children pre- and post-disaster in the context of a broader survey of child participation in disaster risk reduction as well as methods for communication with children. RECENT FINDINGS: Youth and children are capable of peer and community education and activism concerning disaster issues and such participation benefits the young actors. Family and sibling support are important in easing the impact of trauma on children. Contemporary forms of psychological first aid appear to do no harm and in line with current evidence. Generally, more evidence from evaluations is necessary to guide the development of communication strategies. Children are growing up in increasingly urban environments with less contact with nature and greater reliance on techno-social systems. Thus, young people may misunderstand natural hazards. Schools and conscious parenting can play important roles in building understanding and psychological resilience

Informatics and Society: The Challenge of Improving IT Accessibility

ABSTRACT Information technology (IT) is an important part of society and has assumed an increasing role in education, medicine, commercial, leisure, and sociopolitical applications. However, while progress in developing IT hardware and software has advanced, our understanding of user needs and how these needs can be translated into more accessible and effective system design lags behind. The challenge that we face is rooted in the fact that many individuals across this planet who are differently-abled due to aging, developmental or neurologic conditions or to individual differences in learning, face obstacles in using and accessing IT. The central thesis of this paper is that the effective delivery of IT to the differently-abled is contingent on deriving enough information about user populations to allow for the development and use of personalized interfaces and customized content. To this end, it is proposed that a combination of adaptive hypermedia and cognitive adaptive strategies integrating metadata architecture for representing the results of cognitive and functional assessments be designed and implemented

Monoclonal antibodies labeled with polymeric paramagnetic ion chelates

Polymeric paramagnetic ion chelate molecules were synthesized and covalently linked to monoclonal antibodies. The labeled antibodies retained their antigen binding capacity in vitro while carrying up to an average of 50 paramagnetic ion chelates, enabling specifically bound antibody concentrations less than 2.0 Μ M to significantly reduce proton longitudinal relaxation times. © 1986 Academic Press, Inc.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/38480/1/1910030220_ftp.pd