Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Challenges to the improvement of obstetric care in maternity hospitals of a large Brazilian city: an exploratory qualitative approach on contextual issues

Abstract Background Maternal morbidity and mortality are still serious public health concerns in Brazil, and access to quality obstetric care is one critical point of this problem. Despite efforts, obstetric care quality problems and sub-optimal/poor outcomes persist. The study aimed to identify contextual elements that would potentially affect the implementation of an obstetric care quality improvement intervention. Methods A qualitative study was conducted in three public maternity hospitals of a large Brazilian city, with high annual volume of births and buy-in from high-level managers. Individual interviews with doctors and nurses were conducted from July to October 2015. Semi-structured interviews sought to explore teamwork, coordination and communication, and leadership, being open to capture other contextual elements that could emerge. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, and the categories of analysis were identified and updated based on the constant comparative method. Results Twenty-seven interviews were carried out. Extra-organizational context concerning the dependence of the maternity hospitals on primary care units, responsible for antenatal care, and on other healthcare organizations’ services emerged from interviews, but the main findings of the study centered on intra-organizational context with potential to affect healthcare quality and actions for its improvement, including material resources, work organization design, teamwork, coordination and communication, professional responsibility vis-à-vis the patient, and leadership. A major issue was the divergence of physicians' and nurses' perspectives on care quality, which in turn negatively affected their capacity to work together. Conclusion Overall, the findings suggest that care on the maternity hospitals was fragmented and lacked continuity, putting at risk the quality. Redesigning work organization, promoting conditions for multi-professional teamwork, better communication and coordination, improving more systemic accountability/lines of authority, and investing in team members’ technical competence, and fitness of organizational structures and processes are all imbricated actions that may contribute to obstetric care quality improvement

Caracterização assistencial de hospitais filantrópicos no Brasil

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar a rede hospitalar filantrópica no Brasil e suas relações com o Sistema Único de Saúde e o mercado de saúde suplementar. MÉTODOS: Estudo do tipo descritivo que considerou a distribuição geográfica, porte de leitos, presença de equipamentos biomédicos, complexidade assistencial e perfil de produção e de clientela. Baseou-se em uma amostra de 175 hospitais de um universo de 1.917, constituindo 102 entidades distintas. Destas, incluíram-se 66 entidades prestadoras de serviços ao Sistema único de Saúde (SUS) com menos de 599 leitos selecionadas aleatoriamente, 26 das 27 entidades prestadoras de serviços ao SUS com pelo menos 599 leitos e 10 entidades não prestadoras de serviços ao SUS. O estudo é transversal, com dados obtidos em 2001. A coleta de dados foi feita por pesquisadores treinados, utilizando um questionário, em entrevistas com dirigentes dos hospitais. RESULTADOS: Da amostra aleatória, 81,2% dos hospitais estão localizados em municípios do interior, sendo que 53,6% desses se constituem nos únicos hospitais do município. Na amostra aleatória, predominaram os hospitais de clínicas básicas sem UTI (44,9%). Entre os hospitais individuais das grandes entidades e os hospitais especiais, a maioria - respectivamente 53% e 60% - caracterizou-se como hospital geral nível II, categoria de maior complexidade. A complexidade assistencial mostrou-se associada ao porte do hospital, estando os hospitais mais complexos predominantemente situados em capitais. CONCLUSÕES: Dada a importância do setor hospitalar filantrópico para o Sistema de Saúde no Brasil, identificam-se possíveis caminhos para a formulação de políticas públicas adequadas às especificidades dos seus diferentes segmentos

Caracterização assistencial de hospitais filantrópicos no Brasil

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the Brazilian philanthropic hospital network and its relation to the public and private sectors of the Sistema Unico de Saude (SUS) [Brazilian Unified Health System]. METHODS: This is a descriptive study that took into consideration the geographic distribution, number of beds, available biomedical equipment, health care complexity as well as the productive and consumer profiles of philanthropic hospitals. It is based on a sample of 175 hospitals, within a universe of 1,917, involving 102 distinct institutions. Among these, there were 66 Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) inpatient care providers with less than 599 beds randomly included in this study. Twenty-six of the twenty-seven SUS inpatient care providers with at least 599 beds, as well as ten institutions which do not provide their services to SUS, were also included. This is a cross-sectional study and the data was obtained in 2001. Data collection was conducted by trained researchers, who applied a questionnaire in interviews with the hospital's managers. RESULTS: Within the random sample, 81.2% of the hospitals are located in cities outside of metropolitan areas, and 53.6% of these are the only hospitals within their municipalities. Basic clinical hospitals, without ICUs, predominate within the random sample (44.9%). Among the individual hospitals of the large philanthropic institutions and the special hospitals, the majority - 53% and 60% respectively - are level II general hospitals, a category of greater complexity. It was verified that complexity of care was associated to hospital size, being that hospitals with the greatest complexity are situated predominantly in the capitals. CONCLUSIONS: Given the importance of the philanthropic hospital sector within the SUS [Unified Health System] in Brazil, this paper identifies some ways of formulating appropriate health policies adjusted to the specificities of its different segments.OBJETIVO: Caracterizar a rede hospitalar filantrópica no Brasil e suas relações com o Sistema Único de Saúde e o mercado de saúde suplementar. MÉTODOS: Estudo do tipo descritivo que considerou a distribuição geográfica, porte de leitos, presença de equipamentos biomédicos, complexidade assistencial e perfil de produção e de clientela. Baseou-se em uma amostra de 175 hospitais de um universo de 1.917, constituindo 102 entidades distintas. Destas, incluíram-se 66 entidades prestadoras de serviços ao Sistema único de Saúde (SUS) com menos de 599 leitos selecionadas aleatoriamente, 26 das 27 entidades prestadoras de serviços ao SUS com pelo menos 599 leitos e 10 entidades não prestadoras de serviços ao SUS. O estudo é transversal, com dados obtidos em 2001. A coleta de dados foi feita por pesquisadores treinados, utilizando um questionário, em entrevistas com dirigentes dos hospitais. RESULTADOS: Da amostra aleatória, 81,2% dos hospitais estão localizados em municípios do interior, sendo que 53,6% desses se constituem nos únicos hospitais do município. Na amostra aleatória, predominaram os hospitais de clínicas básicas sem UTI (44,9%). Entre os hospitais individuais das grandes entidades e os hospitais especiais, a maioria - respectivamente 53% e 60% - caracterizou-se como hospital geral nível II, categoria de maior complexidade. A complexidade assistencial mostrou-se associada ao porte do hospital, estando os hospitais mais complexos predominantemente situados em capitais. CONCLUSÕES: Dada a importância do setor hospitalar filantrópico para o Sistema de Saúde no Brasil, identificam-se possíveis caminhos para a formulação de políticas públicas adequadas às especificidades dos seus diferentes segmentos

Thresholds of freshwater biodiversity in response to riparian vegetation loss in the Neotropical region

Protecting riparian vegetation around streams is vital in reducing the detrimental effects of environmental change on freshwater ecosystems and in maintaining aquatic biodiversity. Thus, identifying ecological thresholds is useful for defining regulatory limits and for guiding the management of riparian zones towards the conservation of freshwater biota. Using nationwide data on fish and invertebrates occurring in small Brazilian streams, we estimated thresholds of native vegetation loss in which there are abrupt changes in the occurrence and abundance of freshwater bioindicators and tested whether there are congruent responses among different biomes, biological groups and riparian buffer sizes. Mean thresholds of native vegetation cover loss varied widely among biomes, buffer sizes and biological groups: ranging from 0.5% to 77.4% for fish, from 2.9% to 37.0% for aquatic invertebrates and from 3.8% to 43.2% for a subset of aquatic invertebrates. Confidence intervals for thresholds were wide, but the minimum values of these intervals were lower for the smaller riparian buffers (50 and 100 m) than larger ones (200 and 500 m), indicating that land use should be kept away from the streams. Also, thresholds occurred at a lower percentage of riparian vegetation loss in the smaller buffers, and were critically lower for invertebrates: reducing only 6.5% of native vegetation cover within a 50-m riparian buffer is enough to cross thresholds for invertebrates. Synthesis and applications. The high variability in biodiversity responses to loss of native riparian vegetation suggests caution in the use of a single riparian width for conservation actions or policy definitions nationwide. The most sensitive bioindicators can be used as early warning signals of abrupt changes in freshwater biodiversity. In practice, maintaining at least 50-m wide riparian reserves on each side of streams would be more effective to protect freshwater biodiversity in Brazil. However, incentives and conservation strategies to protect even wider riparian reserves (~100 m) and also taking into consideration the regional context will promote a greater benefit. This information should be used to set conservation goals and to create complementary mechanisms and policies to protect wider riparian reserves than those currently required by the federal law