The function of literature in secondary education

Approved May 16, 1909 JH CoursaultTypescript.M.A. University of Missouri 1909No subject in the curriculum of the secondary school receives more attention than does literature. This was true in the days when it was to be found only in a foreign tongue and before complexity of interests had given a diversified course of study; this seems to be true now when it is studied in the vernacular and holds its place against the urgent demands of crowded programs. But in spite of this, there is doubt whether the greater numbers of those who receive a secondary education are getting from literacy study the valuable experience that is reasonably to be expected.Includes bibliographical references (pages 154-170)

On F-spaces

AbstractWe present the class of Ft-spaces which is a subclass of the class of F-spaces of Harley and Stephenson containing many of the most interesting F-spaces, e.g. the Michael line, the Sorgenfrey line, Aleksandrov's double interval.We prove that the Ft-spaces satisfy certain covering properties which F-spaces need not satisfy. In particular, (1) every neighborhood Ft-space is subparacompact, and (2) every Ft-space satisfies property L of Bacon. On the other hand, there are examples of neighborhood F-spaces which do not satisfy L

Preschool hearing, speech, language, and vision screening

Child health surveillance is part of a broad set of activities, the objective of which is to reduce childhood disability by identifying and managing a multiplicity of conditions at an early stage.1 This includes several screening programmes which are focused on the detection of specific disorders. The value of surveillance and monitoring of child health, growth, and development used to be regarded as self evident. The Hall reports emphasised the importance of applying rigorous criteria for screening programmes in community child health and helped to produce a more coordinated national programme.2–4 However, there is still considerable variation both within and between health authorities in the content, timing, and delivery of child health surveillance. This paper summarises the research evidence presented in a recent issue of the Effective Health Care bulletin, Vol 4, No 2; April, 1998 about hearing, speech and language, and vision screening and is based on recent systematic reviews commissioned by the National Health Service (NHS) Health Technology Assessment Programme. Details of the methods and the results are available in the full reports.5–

Mechanism and Kinetics of Lead Capture by Kaolinite in a Downflow Combustor

An 18 kW, 6 m long, gas-fired downflow combustor was used to examine the postflame reaction between lead vapor and kaolinite. Since the focus of this work was to evaluate the reaction with lead vapor, samples were extracted at a temperature above the metal dew point. The sample was rapidly diluted with nitrogen such that lead vapor homogeneously nucleated to form small particles in the presence of a pre-existing particle population. These small lead particles were easily distinguished from lead reacted to large sorbent particles; hence, multicomponent particle size distributions were used to determine the extent of lead capture. A parametric study was conducted in which sorbent/metal molar ratio and sorbent injection temperature were controlled. Temperatures and residence times were varied by changing the sorbent injection point in the combustor, which had the approximate time and temperature profile of practicalscale units. The effect of chlorine was evaluated by doping chlorine gas into the flame. Results show that lead capture by kaolinite was reduced at higher temperatures and in the presence of chlorine. A two-reaction mechanism is proposed to model the apparent temperature inhibition. In the primary capture reaction, lead oxide reacts with activated kaolinite and forms a lead aluminosilicate product. Subsequently, a reaction between this product and activated kaolinite acts to inhibit further lead capture. First-order rate expressions are proposed for each reaction, and kinetic parameters are estimated from experimental results. The primary capture reaction appears to have an activation energy that is approximately zero. The inhibition reaction has an activation energy of ϳ10 2 kJ mol ‫1מ‬ . To model the effect of chlorine, the reaction scheme is modified to account for the partitioning of lead between lead oxide and lead chloride. Based on experimental results, the concentration of lead chloride vapor in the system is significantly higher than predicted by equilibrium calculations. Introduction The emission of toxic elements from stationary combustion sources, such as incinerators and coalfired boilers, is a major concern. Of particular concern are semivolatile toxic elements, for example, lead and cadmium, which vaporize and condense within the combustion system. At high temperatures, lead vaporizes and is liberated from ash particles. As the temperature of the combustor decreases, the vapor condenses to form, in part, submicron particles. These submicron particles can penetrate conventional air pollution control systems, like baghouses and electrostatic precipitators, and be emitted to the environment One potential method to control toxic metal emissions is to inject a high-temperature sorbent into the postflame region. The sorbent powder, which is easily collected, reacts with metal vapors and prevents the subsequent vapor-to-particle transformation processes that form submicron particles. Previous researchers have examined the reaction of lead and a clay-based sorbent, kaolinite. In a series of benchtop experiments where large kaolinite flakes were exposed to lead chloride vapor, Uberoi and co-author

Too Much, too Indigestible, too Fast’? The Decades of Struggle for Abortion Law Reform in Northern Ireland

In July 2019, the UK Parliament voted by an overwhelming majority for fundamental reform of Northern Ireland’s archaic abortion laws. Drawing on extensive archival resources and a small number of interviews, we locate this extraordinary political moment in a broader historical context. We explore the factors that blocked the possibility of reform in either Westminster or Stormont for over five decades, and consider what it was that had changed in 2019 to render it possible. While the measure passed in Westminster represents a radical rupture with the past, we suggest that it was anything other than sudden, rather representing the culmination of decades of sustained campaigning. We conclude by briefly discussing what this change is likely to mean for the future

Estimating the Redshift Distribution of Faint Galaxy Samples

We present an empirical method for estimating the underlying redshift distribution N(z) of galaxy photometric samples from photometric observables. The method does not rely on photometric redshift (photo-z) estimates for individual galaxies, which typically suffer from biases. Instead, it assigns weights to galaxies in a spectroscopic subsample such that the weighted distributions of photometric observables (e.g., multi-band magnitudes) match the corresponding distributions for the photometric sample. The weights are estimated using a nearest-neighbor technique that ensures stability in sparsely populated regions of color-magnitude space. The derived weights are then summed in redshift bins to create the redshift distribution. We apply this weighting technique to data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey as well as to mock catalogs for the Dark Energy Survey, and compare the results to those from the estimation of photo-z's derived by a neural network algorithm. We find that the weighting method accurately recovers the underlying redshift distribution, typically better than the photo-z reconstruction, provided the spectroscopic subsample spans the range of photometric observables covered by the photometric sample.Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures, submitted to MNRA

s

A space X is called s-point finite refinable (ds-point finite refinable) provided every open cover of X has an open refinement such that, for some (closed discrete) C⫅X

Ion-Molecule Interactions Enable Unexpected Phase Transitions in Organic-Inorganic Aerosol

Atmospheric aerosol particles are commonly complex, aqueous organic-inorganic mixtures, and accurately predicting the properties of these particles is essential for air quality and climate projections. The prevailing assumption is that aqueous organic-inorganic aerosols exist predominately with liquid properties and that the hygroscopic inorganic fraction lowers aerosol viscosity relative to the organic fraction alone. Here, in contrast to those assumptions, we demonstrate that increasing inorganic fraction can increase aerosol viscosity (relative to predictions) and enable a humidity-dependent gel phase transition through cooperative ion-molecule interactions that give rise to long-range networks of atmospherically relevant low-mass oxygenated organic molecules (180 to 310 Da) and divalent inorganic ions. This supramolecular, ion-molecule effect can drastically influence the phase and physical properties of organic-inorganic aerosol and suggests that aerosol may be (semi)solid under more conditions than currently predicted. These observations, thus, have implications for air quality and climate that are not fully represented in atmospheric models

Physics Results from RICH Detectors

RICH detectors have become extraordinarily useful. Results include measurement of solar neutrino rates, evidence for neutrino oscillations, measurement of TeV gamma-rays from gravitational sources, properties of QCD, charm production and decay, and measurement of the CKM matrix elements Vcs, Vcb and Vub. A new value |Vub/Vcb|=0.087+/-0.012 is determined.Comment: Invited talk at ``The 3rd International Workshop on Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detectors," Ein-Gedi, Dead-Sea, Israel, Nov. 15-20, 1998, 21 pages, 22 fig