Electronic Distribution of Goods and Services: The Impact of the Internet and Competition Law on Distribution Networks- Section Two

Technical regulations are not enough measures to provide lawful protection of goods distribution networks when it comes to electronic distribution. There is a need for other regulations that aim to regulate processes within the network and outside it, i.e. internally and externally. In fact, distribution contracts include a personal consideration. The distributors are chosen according to conditions and standards which aim to represent the network and respond to consumers\u27 needs, so the network works as one entity. The nature of the relationship between the supplier and the distributor dictates that the first party imposes a group of conditions and restrictions to guarantee that the operation of the network goes smoothly. In addition, the establishment of these electronic networks is accompanied by the emergence of other unconventional networks called Parallel Resale Networks which sell the same products at lower prices and easier terms. This study divides section two titled Regulatory Criteria of Electronic Distribution Networks into two subsections: Subsection One: Regulatory criteria of the internal relationships of the Electronic Distribution Networks. Subsection Two: Regulatory criteria of the external relationships of the Electronic Distribution Networks

Electronic Distribution of Goods and Services: The Impact of the Internet and Competition Law on Distribution Networks Part I

In the past, producers resorted to the method of selling directly to consumers. At that time, the producer was close to the market and was aware of the consumers\u27 needs and requirements. Thereupon, the producers performed the role of both producers and distributors; however, due to the growth of consumers\u27 needs on the one hand, and the progress in production techniques, and the development of transport means and communications on the other hand, producers looked for new, domestic and external markets for their goods and services. This lead to the producers\u27 need of specialists, called distributors, who were given the mission of distributing goods and services in addition to collecting information related to the market to produce goods and to provide services which match the individuals\u27 needs and requirements in this market. The idea of distribution is based on a vertical legal structure, which combines the producers and suppliers; those are chosen according to certain specific criteria or certain geographical areas. This legal structure is called the Distribution Networks of Goods and Services. In addition, these networks are called Closed Networks because they prevent, as a general rule, any distributor outside the network from obtaining the products that are the object of distribution as well as from reselling them. Typical distribution networks are divided into selective distribution networks; however, the internal relationships within the distribution networks are divided into exclusive distribution networks. These in turn maybe Vertical when there is a direct relationship between suppliers and distributors, or Horizontal when there is a relationship among the distributors themselves. The goods and services distribution network is affected by the progress in communication methods among consumers; this progress took the form of e-marketing via the Internet. This research is divided into two sections: Section one deals with the distributors\u27 freedom to resort to e-marketing or electronic distribution over both selective and exclusive distributing networks. Finally, section two deals with the set criteria when distributors resort to electronic marketing or distributio

Novel Treatment Strategies for Brain metastases of Breast Cancer

About 20-40% of advanced breast cancer patients will develop symptomatic brain metastases. Once the patients diagnosed with metastatic brain tumors, there is 80% mortality rate within one year. The presence of blood-brain barrier makes it difficult for drugs to reach the site of action in brain-related ailments. To overcome we came up with two strategies: First, we encapsulated the chemotherapy in a liposome and thereby significantly improving the plasma pharmacokinetics of chemotherapy. We also observed that tumor drug exposure significantly improved by liposomal formulation. This improvement in plasma drug pharmacokinetics and tumor drug accumulation after administration of the liposomal formulation decreased the tumor burden and significantly increased the median survival by 40% when compared to vehicle group in an experimental model of brain metastases. In another strategy, we want to modulate blood-brain barrier in brain metastases to increase permeation. Notch-4 signaling pathway plays an important role in angiogenesis and inhibition of Notch-4 by DAPT will increase the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 ultimately leading to leaky vasculature in metastatic brain tumor. In our studies, we found that inhibition of Notch-4 by DAPT increased the permeation 14C- Aminoisobutyric acid specifically in the brain metastases. We also observed that the progression of tumor burden was decreased when animals were administered both Notch-4 inhibitor and chemotherapy. We also found that median survival is increased by 20% in animals treated with chemotherapy with concurrent Notch-4 inhibition by DAPT. Finally, we evaluated the effect of chemotherapy on normal brain region adjacent to brain metastases. We found that the permeation of fluorescent tracers and 14C-paclitaxel increased in brain adjacent to the tumor. We also found that the expression of activated astrocytes increased in brain adjacent to tumors after chronic chemotherapy treatment in our brain metastases model. Together these results suggest that novel strategies improved survival in brain metastases of breast cancer. Future studies should aim at combining these individual strategies to further increase survival in a preclinical model. At the same time care should be taken not increase chemotherapy permeation into the normal brain as it may lead to unwanted effects like chemo-fog

Agreed Fundamental Rules Relating to Contrast and Weighting, Diligence and Advisory Opinion, and their Jurisprudence Applications

This paper focuses on addressing agreed fundamentals between fundamentalists, relating to contrast and weighting, diligence and advisory opinion with an explanation of each vocabulary base, the statement of the overall meaning, and the jurisprudence application to each rule. Basically, four rules were stated in this paper. This paper has shown that there were agreed fundamentals between fundamentalists. Hence, this serves as an alert to students of Shari school when reading fundamentalist rules, so as to be able to distinguish between what was agreed and what was disagreed. In addition, this paper contributes to the development of jurisprudential talent of students of Islamic Sharia through explaining the vocabularies of the rules, the statement of their meaning, and the jurisprudential applications on the fundamentalism rules

Wetting kinetics in forced spreading

Under dynamic conditions, the dynamic contact angle (the angle that the liquid makes with the solid) of a liquid on a solid surface varies dramatically with substrate velocity from its equilibrium value. Experimental data of the dynamic contact angles for polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS or silicone oil) under air on a glass substrate coated with teflon, for water under PDMS, for solutions of the polymer polyethylene oxide (PEO) under air, for solutions of PEO under PDMS, were obtained to simulate and understand the systems of brine or brine containing a polymer displacing viscous crude. A variety of solid substrates were used other than above to displace oil with the object that the equilibrium contact angles ~ 90⁰. The method used was that of a plate immersed or withdrawn from a pool of liquid, and the machine (Cahn-Thermo) calculates for us the dynamic advancing and receding contact angles. The dynamic contact angles determine the basic driving forces such as capillary pressures. The data were correlated with a number of available models. In most cases, the models were developed further to fit the requirements of various cases. In general, it is necessary for the model to include fluid flow, interfacial phenomena, and rheology. Photography was used to verify cases of entrainment and instability. One object of the present work was to determine the contribution of the non-Newtonian nature of the PEO solution. For the PEO solution under oil (PDMS) no obvious signs are observed although solutions at high polymer concentrations, that is, high elasticity, show some anomalous effects. However, it is not possible to conclude that shear thinning effects will be absent in all cases since a criterion is established here that shows under what condition the above may not hold --Abstract, page iv

MHD Free Convective Flow along Vertical Oscillatory Plate with Radiative Heat Transfer in the Presence of Hall Current and Heat Source

MHD free convective flow with oscillations of an infinite non-conducting vertical flat surface through a porous medium with Hall current in a rotating system was studied. The governing equations of the model were converted into dimensionless form. Analytical solutions for velocity and temperature were obtained with the help of the Laplace transform method. Graphs and tables are used in this paper to show the influence of various parameters on temperature, skin friction and velocity. It was observed that changes in plate oscillation, porous medium, radiation and Hall current have significant effects on fluid motion. Further, the skin friction near the surface is increased by the radiation parameter. The results obtained have large implications in the engineering and science fields

Effect of porosity on unsteady MHD convection flow Past a moving vertical plate with ramped wall temperature

The unsteady MHD convective flow of an electrically conducting fluid embedded in a porous medium along moving infinite vertical plate with ramped wall temperature and radiation in a rotating system is investigated here. The fluid taken is incompressible and viscous. The governing PDE’s of the model are solved by using integral transform method. The analytical solutions for the velocity, concentration and temperature are obtained. The expressions for skin friction, rate of mass transfer and heat transfer near the plate are obtained. The effects of various parameters like porosity of the medium, magnetic field, Soret number, thermal radiation, rotation, radiation and Hall current on the flow field are discussed. It is observed that velocity increases with the increase in the porosity parameter K. It reveals that a porous medium having large permeability supports the movement of the fluid in the system. Also, it is noticed that Hall parameter reduces the resistive effect of the applied magnetic field. Such a study assumes importance because both rotation and Hall current induce secondary flow in the flow-field. The results of the research may be useful in many industrial applications

Study of Soret and Ion slip effects on MHD flow near an Oscillating Vertical Plate in a Rotating System

This study analyses the Soret, Hall and ion slip effects on a free convective flow of an electrically conducting, incompressible and viscous fluid near the vertical oscillatory infinite plate in a rotating system. A set of dimensionless governing equations of the model is obtained. As the equations are linear, an exact solution can be obtained by using Laplace transform method. The influence of various parameters on the concentration, temperature, velocity, Sherwood number and Nusselt number are discussed with the help of graphs. The numerical values of skin-friction are shown in tables. Applications of the study arise in field like planetary and solar plasma fluid dynamical systems, magnetic field controlled materials processing systems, rotating MHD induction machine energy generators etc

Use of ICG dye for urinary tract identification during robotic peritoneal window creation for a post-kidney transplant lymphocele.

Minimally invasive surgical creation of a peritoneal window for the treatment of lymphoceles post-kidney transplant is an effective procedure that comes with an elevated risk of iatrogenic injury to the urinary tract. Here, we present indocyanine green dye injection through a ureteral stent for intraoperative identification and avoidance of the transplant collecting system during peritoneal window creation. The procedure was successful and allowed for the resolution of the lymphocele without complication

Ultrasound assisted extraction of carotenoids from Sargassum Angustifolium algae

An experimental batch extraction method was studied to obtain a carotenoid pigment from dried Sargassum Angustifolium algae using ultrasound as an enhancer and a mixture of ethanol-isopropanol as a solvent. The purpose of this work is to investigate the extraction kinetics as well as the temperature effects (303 to 333) K, solvent concentration (40% ethanol - 60% isopropanol to 60% ethanol - 40% isopropanol) and particle size (250 - 500, 500 - 710 and 710 - 1000) micrometer. Also, the effect of collecting, drying and transporting Sargassum Angustifolium algae on the total carotenoids extraction from dried algae was studied. The ultimate extraction value of the carotenoids was found to be 0.29% from algae. A batch model for extraction was created and numerically solved. The model parameters were calculated using existing empirical correlations and data gathered during this project. The model predicts the mass transport rate constant and saturation capacity at various temperatures. Furthermore, the energy of activation and frequency factor of the extraction process were enumerated and it was found that the process is endothermic with activation energy equals 28.9 kJ/mol. The utilized mathematical model agreed well with the experimental data, allowing it to be used in modeling and improving the carotenoids extracting process from Sargassum Angustifolium algae