TOURISM SILENCE IN GEOMORPHOSITES: A CASE STUDY OF ALI-SADR CAVE (HAMADAN, IRAN)

Geotourism is one of the branches of tourism which is based on knowledge of geomorphosites and special geomorphic perspectives and by combining the cultural, historical and ecological heritage, it offers potentials in planning sustainable tourism. Geomorphosites of caves is a perfect example of complex systems. The multiple relationships between components and performance of these systems create unique and innovative forms which have great potential in stimulating aesthetic sense of people and attracting visitors. Ali-Sadr cave has a great potential in attracting visitors because of its diversity, uniqueness and convenient access. In this study, the potential geomorphosites of Ali-Sadr cave is under investigation applying Reynard and Pereira’s model. The results show that based on Reynard’s model, the additional value criterion accounts for 52% of the total mean score and has the utmost importance, which is due to the high rate of economic potential, the geohistorical importance, the variety of monuments and ecological effects. Then, the criterion of scientific value by 35% ranks the second due to the high points of Paleogeographic sub-criterion. The results of the evaluation of potential geomorphosites of cave based on Pereira model shows that the geomorphological value with an average of 6.86 has allocated the highest rank and management value with an average of 6.32 ranks next. In general, the results obtained from Pereira model show that the criterion of usage, with 39 percent of the total points of this model, allocated the highest rank of importance, which is due to the high rating of sub-criteria of accessibility and visibility. Scientific and additional value with a share of 21% of the total points rank the second

Quality Improvement in Pediatric Head Trauma with PECARN Rules Implementation as Computerized Decision Support

Background: For the 1.4 million emergency department (ED) visits for traumatic brain injury (TBI) annually in the United States, computed tomography (CT) may be over utilized. The Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network developed 2 prediction rules to identify children at very low risk of clinically important TBI. We implemented these prediction rules as decision support within our electronic health record (EHR) to reduce CT. Objective: To test EHR decision support implementation in reducing CT rates for head trauma at 2 pediatric EDs. Methods: We compared monthly CT rates 1 year before [preimplementation (PRE)] and 1 year after [postimplementation (POST)] decision support implementation. The primary outcome was change in CT use rate over time, measured using statistical process control charts. Secondary analyses included multivariate comparisons of PRE to POST. Balancing measures included ED length of stay and returns within 7 days after ED release. Results: There were 2,878 patients with head trauma (1,329 PRE and 1,549 POST) included. Statistical process control charts confirmed decreased CT rates over time POST that was not present PRE. Secondary statistical analyses confirmed that CT scan utilization rates decreased from 26.8% to 18.9% (unadjusted Odds Ratio [OR], 0.64; 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 0.53 -0.76; adjusted OR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.58 -0.86). Length of stay was unchanged. There was no increase in returns within 7 days and no significant missed diagnoses. Conclusions: Implementation of EHR-integrated decision support for children with head trauma presenting to the ED is associated with a decrease in CT utilization and no increase in significant safety events

Novel therapeutic approaches for pulmonary fibrosis

Pulmonary fibrosis represents the end stage of a number of heterogeneous conditions and is, to a greater or lesser degree, the hallmark of the interstitial lung diseases. It is characterized by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins within the pulmonary interstitium leading to the obliteration of functional alveolar units and in many cases, respiratory failure. While a small number of interstitial lung diseases have known aetiologies, most are idiopathic in nature, and of these, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is the most common and carries with it an appalling prognosis – median survival from the time of diagnosis is less than 3 years. This reflects the lack of any effective therapy to modify the course of the disease, which in turn is indicative of our incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis of this condition. Current prevailing hypotheses focus on dysregulated epithelial–mesenchymal interactions promoting a cycle of continued epithelial cell injury and fibroblast activation leading to progressive fibrosis. However, it is likely that multiple abnormalities in a myriad of biological pathways affecting inflammation and wound repair – including matrix regulation, epithelial reconstitution, the coagulation cascade, neovascularization and antioxidant pathways – modulate this defective crosstalk and promote fibrogenesis. This review aims to offer a pathogenetic rationale behind current therapies, briefly outlining previous and ongoing clinical trials, but will focus on recent and exciting advancements in our understanding of the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, which may ultimately lead to the development of novel and effective therapeutic interventions for this devastating condition

The impacts of formative system on the landslides of Iran

Landslide is one of the most challenging disasters on the earth, which is believed to cause other natural catastrophic incidents. Normally, in studying landslide we investigate different influencing factors such as gender land, atmospheric rainfall, gradients’ change, earthquake, volcanic eruption, subterranean water vibration, and human causes in the form of different models. These facts are blamed as the main share in appearing this phenomenon. However, correlative and sufficient condition for genesis such a phenomenon is historical base of lands’ bed, which needs specific formative process. There are several studies focused on distribution and dispersion of slides and their reasons. In this paper, we investigate the behavior of landslide and its effects on instigating instabilities. The preliminary results indicate that distribution of this phenomenon is associated with climate from a side and historical formative process on the other side. The weather condition of Iran is divided into four groups of cold, hot, humid and humid hot hole. Every region has its own special geomorphic properties and either directly or indirectly affects on landslide occurrence. In order to study this effect, we use Arc GIS 9.3 software dispersal map of Iran’s main landslides and formative systems on the other side and by local analyzing these two collections are evaluated based on their vicinity relationship using local-statistical techniques. Results of this research shows that the main part of this landslide occurs in cold hole and humid hole and only about 8 percent are happens in hot holl. In addition, density of landslides are more in thermodynamic bound of cold and hot hole as well as cold and humid hole

Assessment Rate of Soil Erosion by GIS (Case Study Varmishgan, Iran)

ABSTRACT Soil erosion not only weakened soil, makes discouraging farms and a lot of hurt, but also causes destruction by sedimentation solid of materials in streams. Sources, dames, ports and decreases the amount of their capacity. One of the most central purposes in local studying and land use evaluation the hazard of erosion variation areas and determine its quantity. For evaluating erosion, there are many methods. In these methods, there are different factors such as rain erosion, value of erosion soil and plant coverage. In this study, we are studying soil erosion in Romeshgan basin between geographical length of 47º -47º,38' and geographical width of 33 º,13' -33 º,36' in Kohdasht in the northwest Lorestan province with SLEMSA method and using Arc GIS 9.3. SLEMSA is a model for estimation of soil erosion in southern Africa and developed and validated by Ewell(1978) and Stoking(1981Stoking( ,1988. For evaluating soil with this model, we obtained information maps contain topography, rainfall, slop and plant coverage. Then with composing this layers, basin is separated to 100 units and the value of erosion soil is measured and giving value is as unit of erosive hazard in basin. The results showed that the main erosion factor at the risk focuses was at first slope and the second factor was soil fatigue capability. The research finding showed erosion rate of average 667 ton per hectare

Clinical and metabolic reaction to probiotic supplement in children suffering attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment

Aim: This paper aimed at assessing the influence that probiotic supplement had on mental health and metabolic conditions of children suffering attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Materials and Methods: A number of 34 children with ADHD were selected randomly. Participants were randomly allocated into a group receiving 8 × 109 CFU/g probiotic supplements (n = 17) and a group receiving placebo (n = 17) during an 8-week time period. Clinical symptoms were recorded applying the rating scale of ADHD (ADHD-RS), Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) both at onset of the study and after the 8-week interval. Moreover, samples of blood were also taken at the beginning and after the 8-week interval so that the metabolic information could be evaluated. Results: The probiotic supplementation could bring about a considerable decrease in total ADHD-RS (β −3.31; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −5.60, −1.02; P = 0.006) and HAM-A (β −1.91 [0.18]; 95% CI, −3.41, −0.41; P = 0.01) than that of the placebo. In addition, probiotic supplementation brought about a considerable decrease in high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) of serum (β −2.05 mg/L; 95% CI, −3.57, −0.52; P = 0.01) as well as a substantial rise in plasma overall antioxidant volume (TAC) (β 66.26 mmol/L; 95% CI, 36.83, 95.68; P < 0.001) than that of the placebo. No meaningful effects were observed on CDI and other metabolic features after the intake of probiotic supplements. Conclusions: Taking probiotic by children suffering ADHD could affect ADHD-RS, HAM-A, hs-CRP of serum, and TAC levels in plasma, while it did not show any effects on CDI and other metabolic profiles