The Effect of E-Government on Citizen Trust of the National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) in Pakistan

A considerable amount of cash is being spent by various nations throughout the world in creating and conveying e-government services to their citizen aims to effectively provide better community services to the nationals. The success and achievement of such applications is probably perceived in the developed nations however there is an overarching worry about the achievement and appropriation of these services in the developing nations. The main objective of this study is to investigate the citizen’s trust on the e-services offered by National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) which is an administration organization working under the service of Interior ministry in Pakistan. This study inferred particular research model from the refreshed Information System previous success model which was developed by DeLone and McLean, 1992 & 2003. Utilizing the determined model, this study hub around administration point of view on the impact of NADRA framework, data and service quality on clients’ trust and consequently how the citizens’ trust is useful to make an e-government application of NADRA sector useful in Pakistan. The main findings show that larger number of clients or citizens is satisfied with the e-services of NADARA in Pakistan and most of the activities assume a fundamental part for the utilization of the application process of NADRA sector. Furthermore, the results also demonstrated that information quality, system quality, service quality and net benefits received from NADRA of Pakistan also plays an imperative role in the trust of citizens. Keywords: NADRA of Pakistan, E-government services, Citizens Trust, Satisfaction, Information System Model DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/12-18-15 Publication date:June 30th 202

Impact of Teacher Absenteeism on Student Achievement at Primary Level in Balochistan

The purpose of this study is to find out causes of teacher absenteeism and its impact on student achievement at the primary level in Balochistan, Pakistan. Quantitative method is used in this study. Quantitative method based on the primary data collected from five purposive selected primary schools. Participants were teachers, students, and parents of this study. The main findings of the study showed that lack of motivation and low salary are main causes of teacher absenteeism which leads students’ absenteeism and affect quality education, and impact students’ achievement. The study also revealed that there are also many causes of teacher absenteeism at primary level such as classroom structure, care of family members, seniority and professional standing. It is suggested that teachers should be monitored properly and awarded monetary and non-monetary incentives in order to control teacher absenteeism. This study also suggests good practices to minimize the absence and enhance students’ achievement at primary level. Keywords: Teachers, Absenteeism, Impact, Achievement, Primary School Students DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-18-12 Publication date:June 30th 202

TEACHERS’ PERCEPTION OF PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AT SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVEL: A QUALITATIVE STUDY

Professional development is the most effective and powerful skill to increase the learners’ needs and then make them able to acquire these tools to complete their learning criteria. It works to fulfill the requirement of a teacher to meet with the effective teaching styles. This study aims to examine the secondary school teachers’ perceptions about professional development, its importance in teaching practices and why it has been declared an instrument to get the students’ learning outcomes. For this purpose, we opted semi-structured interviews for the collection of data. The total 13 participants participated in this study. The findings of the study revealed that the professional development affects teacher’s classroom practices and enhances the learning achievement of students. The findings also showed that the continuous professional development induces teachers to improve their teaching competencies to meet the need of learners as per educational demands and the relevance of teacher efficacy for their effectiveness, as related to powerful CPD experiences. Moreover, school embedded professional learning opportunities can thus answer to self-direct desires for instructional change, which afterwards provide the motivational efforts to sustain and overcome the hurdles. Further, discussion and suggestions are given.  Article visualizations

Role of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in identifying infarct related artery and non-ischemic pathogenesis in patients presenting with non ST elevation myocardial infarction

Introduction: Identifying an Infarct-related artery (IRA)in Non-STEMI is sometimes tricky. Besides, myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) mimickers are often labeled as myocardial infarction. Late Gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on cardiac MRI can help in identifying IRA besides MINOCA mimickers. Aims: To study the role of LGE on cardiac MRI(CMR) in NSTEMI. Material Methods: It was a prospective observational, double-blinded study. 70 NSTEMI patients were prospectively enrolled over two years. CMR was done before coronary angiography (CAG) during the index hospitalization. Matching was done between IRA selected by CAG and IRA as determined by LGE on MRI. Results: Mean age was 58 ± 15 years. CAG could not identify IRA in 38.6% (n = 27) patients. In this patient group, LGE-CMR identified IRA in 48.1% (n = 13) & a new non-CAD diagnosis was identified in 18.5% (n = 5) patients. IRA was identified in 61.4% (n = 43) by CAG & in this patient group, LGE-CMR identified a different IRA in 6.9% (n = 3) patients. LGE-CMR also identified a new non-CAD diagnosis in 11.6% (n = 5) of patients from this group. Overall, LGE-CMR led to a new IRA diagnosis in 23% (n = 16) patients & a diagnosis of non-ischemic pathogenesis in 14% (n = 10) patients. Non-Ischemic diagnosis on CMR included stress cardiomyopathy in 3, myocarditis in 6, and infiltrative disorder in 1 patient. Conclusion: CMR leads to new IRA diagnoses or non-ischemic pathogenesis in one-third of the cohort

Diagnostic role of capsule endoscopy in patients of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding after negative CT enterography

Background and Objectives: Computed tomographic enterography (CT-EG) has emerged a useful tool for the evaluation of small bowel in patients of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB). However, CT-EG may be negative in about 50-60% of patients. We aimed to see the efficacy of capsule endoscopy (CE) in patients of OGIB, who had initial negative CT-EG. Materials and Methods: All consecutive patients of OGIB after initial hemodynamic stabilization were subjected to CT-EG. Those having negative CT-EG were further evaluated with CE. Results: Fifty-five patients of OGIB with mean standard deviation age, 52.7 (19.0), range 18-75 years, women 31/55 (56.4%) were subjected to CT-EG. Nine (17.6%) patients had positive findings on CT-EG, which included mass lesions in six, thickened wall of distal ileal loops, narrowing, and wall enhancement in two and jejunal wall thickening with wall hyperenhancement in one patient. Forty-two patients had negative CT-EG of which 25 underwent CE for further evaluation. CE detected positive findings in 11 of 25 (48%) patients which included vascular malformations in three, ulcers in seven, and fresh blood without identifiable source in one. The diagnostic yield of CE in overt OGIB was more compared to occult OGIB ((7/14, 50%) vs (4/11, 36.4%) P = 0.2) and was higher if performed within 2 weeks of active gastrointestinal (GI) bleed (P = 0.08). Conclusions: In conclusion, CE is an additional tool in the evaluation of obscure GI bleed, especially mucosal lesions which can be missed by CT-EG