PAIN TOLERANCE: DIFFERENCES ACCORDING TO SEX AND SPORT

Numerous studies have independently examined gender differences in experimental pain, but few have examined the different surfaces of play that may influence an athlete’s pain tolerance.  The present experiment examined the effects of race, gender, and sport on experimental pain tolerance and threshold. Forty (10 female basketball, 10 male basketball, 10 female soccer, 10 male soccer) collegiate athletes were given two pain tolerance tests consisting of a cold water intolerance test (CWIT) and a tourniquet pain test (TPT).  The CWIT measured the maximum length of time that each athlete could place his/her hand in an ice cold bucket of water (2°C).  The TPT measured the maximum length of time that each athlete could repeatedly squeeze a hand grip dynamometer while blood was occluded from the arm. A series of ANOVA tests determined if there were significant differences in pain tolerances between race, gender, and sport Based on the results, there are no differences in pain tolerance when comparing sport; however, there is a significant difference (p < 0.05) in pain tolerance when comparing race and gender. The CWIT shows that white females have a significantly higher pain tolerance than non-white females; however, there is no significant data that shows that white males have a higher pain tolerance than non-white males. These data are beneficial for physicians, trainers, coaches, etc. because they now know to treat injuries of both males and females of indoor and outdoor sports equally because sport has no effect on pain tolerance

Cervical Spine Motion During Extrication: A Pilot Study

Spinal immobilization is one of the most commonly performed pre-hospital procedures. Little research has been done on the movement of the neck during immobilization and extrication. In this study we used a sophisticated infrared six-camera motion-capture system (Motion Analysis Corporation, Santa Rosa, CA), to study the motion of the neck and head during extrication. A mock automobile was constructed to scale, and volunteer patients, with infrared markers on bony prominences, were extricated by experienced paramedics. We found in this pilot study that allowing an individual to exit the car under his own volition with cervical collar in place may result in the least amount of motion of the cervical spine. Further research should be conducted to verify these findings. In addition, this system could be utilized to study a variety of methods of extrication from automobile accidents

Goddard X-ray astronomy contributions to the IAU/COSPAR (1982)

The relation of X-ray flux to both the continuum flux in the optical and radio bands, and to the line emission properties of these objects were studied. The Einstein Observatory, because of increased sensitivity and improved angular resolution, increased substantially the number of known X-ray emitting active galactic nuclei. The Einstein imaging instruments detected morphology in AGN X-ray emission, in particular from jetlike structures in Cen-A, M87, and 3C273. The improved energy resolution and sensitivity of the spectrometers onboard the Observatory provide information on the geometry and ionization structure of the region responsible for the broad optical emission lines in a few AGN's. This information, combined with theoretical modeling and IUE and optical observations, allows the construction of a moderately detailed picture of the broad line region in these objects

Nonlinearities and Effects of Transverse Beam Size in Beam Position Monitors (revised)

The fields produced by a long beam with a given transverse charge distribution in a homogeneous vacuum chamber are studied. Signals induced by a displaced finite-size beam on electrodes of a beam position monitor (BPM) are calculated and compared to those produced by a pencil beam. The non-linearities and corrections to BPM signals due to a finite transverse beam size are calculated for an arbitrary chamber cross section. Simple analytical expressions are given for a few particular transverse distributions of the beam current in a circular or rectangular chamber. Of particular interest is a general proof that in an arbitrary homogeneous chamber the beam-size corrections vanish for any axisymmetric beam current distribution.Comment: REVTeX, 8 pages, 9 figures. Corrected Eqs. (7),(22),(25) and Figs. 2-9. Expande

Archaeological Testing and Collecting at Choke Canyon Reservoir, Nueces River Project, Texas

This monograph reports the findings made during the summer of 1977 of test excavations and/or surface collections at 17 prehistoric archaeological sites in the Choke Canyon Reservoir area. The work was carried out by Texas A&M University for the Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio. The field work was conducted to assess the archaeological potential of each site in order to advance recommendations for further investigations. The artifact samples, although meager, are described and these data are incorporated with other information from each site towards an overall site evaluation. Recommendations for further work are also included at the end of the report