Traces of the hamza in the Early Arabic Script: The Inscriptions of Zuhayr, Qays the Scribe, and ‘Yazīd the King’

The present article re-edits three early Islamic inscriptions that exhibit an orthographic feature believed to represent the glottal stop (hamz). Overall, this orthographic device (referred to as ‘proto-hamza’) is employed four times in the three inscriptions, bringing the number of its known attestations to a grand total of nine. The article concludes by making some broad observations on the multifarious nature of the early Arabic writing tradition(s)

"The Year according to the Reckoning of the Believers": Papyrus Louvre inv. J. David-Weill 20 and the Origins of the hijrī Era

This paper addresses itself to the enigmatic phrase snh qaḍāʾ al-muʾminīn that appears in a papyrus sheet from early Muslim Egypt. It takes issue with the earlier interpretations of the phrase, arguing that it is indeed a dating formula that is probably to be read as sanat qaḍāʾ al-muʾminīn and understood as ‘the year according to the reckoning of the believers’. Based on the testimony of this papyrus fragment, it is further argued that the epoch of the Muslim calendar was, in all likelihood, originally meant to count the years from Muḥammad’s foundation of a new community and polity at Medina, a momentous event that the early Muslims conceived of as the dawn of a new age.FGW – Publications without University Leiden contrac

Monetary Reform under the Sufyanids: The Papyrological Evidence

For the past fifty years, there has been a debate over whether the Umayyad caliph Muʿāwiya introduced a short-lived gold coinage in Syria. After reappraising the literary evidence, this study argues that an enigmatic phrase in a papyrus from this period constitutes evidence for state enforcement of the circulation of a new kind of gold coinage issued under Muʿāwiya. A die-study of the extant specimens of a peculiar imitation of Byzantine gold which has had its crosses effaced, and has been attributed to Muʿāwiya on the basis of the testimony of literary sources, confirms them to be the result of a large-scale, albeit ultimately unsuccessful, initiative. This demonstrates that, in addition to the east, there also existed a separate drive towards an expansion of the money supply in Syria-Egypt during the latter half of Muʿāwiya's caliphate, a development which testifies to a relatively substantial programme of state-building by the caliph.Religious Studie

CORE FLOOD STUDIES TO EVALUATE EFFICIENCY OF OIL RECOVERY BY LOW SALINITY WATER FLOODING AS A SECONDARY RECOVERY PROCESS

Various researches on laboratory and field scale illustrate that manipulating the ionic composition and the ion concentration of injected water can affect the efficiency of water flooding and the interaction of injected water with rock and other fluids present in porous media. The objectives of this paper are to investigate parameters that affect low salinity water flooding; mainly the effect of injecting water salinity on and the potential of low salinity water flooding for oil recovery in secondary recovery mode are studied. The effect of pH and differential pressure across the core are used to explain the mechanism of fine migration phenomena. The recovery results of formation water injection were compared for the seawater, formation water with a salinity of 0.1 and 0.01, and when divalent ions were removed from the formation water with a salinity of 0.01 to investigate the effect of divalent ions on oil recovery. Different types of crude oil were used for investigating the effect crude oil properties on oil recovery. Seawater injection resulted in lowest oil recovery of 2.6% and the reduction of water salinity of formation water from 0.1 to 0.01 resulted in an improvement of 4% and 7.7% in oil recovery respectively. Removing divalent ions from the injected water decreased the improving effect of low salinity water flooding. In addition, both types of crude oil responded to low salinity flooding and no straight correlation was seen between acid number and the improving effect of low salinity water flooding. </span

Cognitive apprenticeship in clinical practice; Can it be extended to postgraduate psychiatry training programmes?

Introduction: Postgraduate psychiatry training occurs in the workplace or situated learning settings. The Cognitive Apprenticeship Model [CAM] was introduced as an instructional model for situated learning. While undergraduate medical students' experience of the model has been tested, to our knowledge there has been no such reports from postgraduate psychiatry training. Methods: We surveyed 134 Oxford Deanery psychiatry trainees recruited between 2005 and 2013 through an online questionnaire. Respondents identified which CAM components [scaffolding, modelling coaching, articulation, reflection exploration] were the best aspects, and most needing improvement, in their clinical training. Results: Of 57 respondents, 80% were satisfied with and enjoyed [90%] their training. They recognised all individual CAM components; modelling and coaching were identified as the best methods. Exploration was identified as the one most in need of improvement. The behavioural [modelling, coaching and scaffolding] rather than the cognitive methods were identified as the best aspects of their training [54 v 35%, p < 0.001]. Conclusions: The results extend findings from undergraduate students in suggesting that the CAM is a useful model for training strategies. Greater awareness of the cognitive components may be needed. The training methods could be included as indicators of training quality in national quality assurance surveys

Production of food nanomaterials by specialized equipment

In the past decade, there has been a great interest in using nanotechnology by different industries, including food, pharmaceutical, and beauty. Nanotechnology provides many advantages to produce functional compounds which tend to be delivered for desired properties, such as protection from the environment or food matrix, controlled release, and increased bioavailability and bioaccessibility (Muhammad et al., 2019, Sedaghat Doost et al., 2019b, Sedaghat Doost et al., 2018c). There is a variety of methods to prepare food nanomaterials. Specialized equipment is frequently employed for the production of efficient nano-delivery systems, which is the focus of this chapter; the basic principle of conventional and recent techniques, as well as their advantages and disadvantages are described

Nutrient recovery from wastewater by crystallization - Improving the process efficiency, economics and product quality

The long-term strategic design of wastewater treatment plants requires measures to address a range of sustainability challenges, including the rapid population growth, climate change, urbanization and stressful position for some natural resources. The resource recovery from wastewater have been extensively elaborated in scientific publications as well as rapid development of nutrient recovery technologies in the market. However, due to various technical and non-technical reasons (economic, environmental and societal) the implementation in municipal wastewater treatment plants is still poor. In this context, this work investigates the nutrient recovery from nutrient-rich wastewater streams. Based on the performed review of nutrient recovery technologies three main areas for improvement have been identified including recovery efficiency, product quality and financial sustainability. Further, an alternative process configuration for phosphorus recovery in the plants using enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is presented to mitigate the operational challenges, enhance the recovery efficiency and reduce the recovery costs. The recovery efficiency and product properties of calcium phosphates were compared to struvite both by thermodynamic modeling and by experimental studies. The detailed investigation of the effect of supersaturation regulators on product properties and phosphorus recovery is presented, which can contribute in the integrated improvement of recovery efficiency and product quality. Application of seawater as a low-cost alternative magnesium source for struvite production was investigated and compared to a conventional magnesium source (i.e., MgCl2). The challenges associated with using seawater and the mitigation measures for them were studied. Further, the reaction kinetics and crystal growth studies were presented for struvite crystallization by both seawater and MgCl2. The impact of the important supersaturation regulators on struvite crystallization kinetics were studied. The findings in this study may improve the understanding of the nutrient recovery from nutrient-rich streams at wastewater treatment plants. Further, it can contribute to reduce the operational costs and operational challenges as well as improving the recovery efficiency and producing product with improved properties. Products with higher quality and lower production costs will have a higher chance for market penetration and implementation in full-scale

Occurrence of Giardiasis and serum albumin concentration among the food staff in Bandarabbas

Giardiasis has a close relation with improper sanitation, consumption of contaminated water and foods and might be lead to malabsorption syndrome and nutritional deficiency. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the occurrence of giardiasis among the food staff in Bandarabbas and also to determine the concentration of serum albumin in infected individuals. In a cross-sectional study which was conducted in a 6 months period, a total of 11080 fecal samples of the food staff rerrered to the Research Center of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, was examined. Then, 30 Giardia-positive together with 30 Giardia-negative individuals were chosen for further investigation. At this step, the concentration of serum albumin were evaluated in both groups. According to the results, 30 (0.27%) of the samples were positive for Giardia lamblia. The level of serum albumin in infected and healthy people were determined at 46.8 g/l and 53.9 g/l, respectively. Moreover, 66% of the fecal samples had normal condensation and 76% were intensively contaminated. Results revealed that 90% of the infected cases were male, urban and vegetable consumers. In addition, the age of 66% of the cases was between 20 to 30. The concentration of serum albumin in patients with giardiasis was significantly (p< 0.05) lower than the control group which might be related to malabsorption. Based on results, the consumption of raw vegetable seems to play an important role in transmission of Giardia infection. In addition, high occurrence of intensively contaminated patients together with the high rate of the individuals without clinical manifestations, reveals the Giardia hidden carriers. Regarding the occurrence of giardiasis among the food staff and considering the importance of their role in public health, the necessity for hygienic measures are reemphasized

Sjøvann kan framskynde overgangen til sirkulærøkonomi og effektivisere fosforgjenvinning

Seawater can accelerate the transition towards circular economy and make phosphorus recovery more efficient. Phosphorus (P) from rock phosphate is a limited resource, and increasing demand will make the phosphorus situation challenging in the coming century. With the transformation to circular economy in the wastewater industry, we wish to make recovery of P more efficient. In wastewater utilities with biological P removal there is a great potential to crystallize P as struvite. This process needs an addition of magnesium, and an alternative to commercial magnesium salts is seawater, which is both cheap and unlimited