La paz transformadora: una propuesta para la construcción participada de paz y la gestión de conflictos desde la perspectiva sociopráxica (Transformative peace: a participatory peace building and conflict management proposal from the sociopraxic perspective)

En el artículo se expone un marco epistemológico y teórico-metodológico para la ciencia de la paz y el conflicto. Esta propuesta, desarrollada desde la perspectiva sociopráxica, plantea una conceptualización del conflicto social y la paz como procesos vivos y activos cuyos principales protagonistas son los seres humanos y las redes de relaciones sociales constituidas por y constituyente de las mismos. De acuerdo con el marco enunciado, los modelos convivenciales violentadores son sustituidos por modelos convivenciales sinérgicos con los que atender las necesidades. | The article presents an epistemological, theoretical/methodological framework for peace and conflict. This proposal, developed from the sociopraxic perspective, raises a conceptualization of social conflict and peace as living and active processes whose main protagonists are human beings and the networks of social relations constituted by and constituent of them. In accordance with the proposed framework, convivial models responsible for violence are replaced by synergic convivial models with which to attend needs

The Impact of Robot Adoption on Global Sourcing

This paper studies the impact of robot adoption on firms’ global sourcing activities. Using a rich panel dataset of Spanish manufacturing firms, we show that robot adopting firms increased their intermediate input purchases from foreign and domestic suppliers between 2006 and 2016. The effects of robots differ across sourcing strategies: the highest in foreign outsourcing and the lowest in foreign vertical integration. We find that robot adopters fragment their production further by reducing the concentration of purchases from suppliers and the increase in intermediate input purchases is related to quality upgrading to a certain extent. Marginal treatment effects estimates suggest that responses to adoption are heterogeneous: higher probability of adoption intensifies the effects on outsourcing and weakens the effects on vertical integration. In contrast to rising concerns over reshoring, our findings suggest that robots have yet promoted trade in intermediate inputs

Evaluación reproductiva en bovinos.

El aumento de la producción en las explotaciones ganaderas requiere de la maximización de la eficiencia reproductiva. Los avances en el conocimiento de los diferentes aspectos de la biología animal, permiten obtener modificaciones en los ritmos de los ciclos reproductivos para lograr mayores beneficios. La sincronización de los ciclos estrales, ofrece ventajas en la producción animal. Su aplicación correcta requiere del conocimiento de las bases fisiológicas y endocrinológicas. En este trabajo se analizaron los factores que determinan la eficiencia reproductiva (formación de gametos, ovolación, fecundación, gestación, parto), los parámetros para medir la actividad reproductiva (días abiertos, intervalo entre partos, número de servicios por concepción, tasa de no retorno, tasa de natalidad, índice de fertilidad), los factores que modifican la fertilidad en el ganado (genéticos, anomalías anatómicas, alteraciones endocrinas, ambientales), las enfermedades más comunes que afectan la actividad reproductiva (brucelosis, vibriosis, leptospirosis, trichomoniasis, complejo viral) y la sincronización del ciclo estralGanado de leche-Ganadería lech

Spatiotemporal monthly rainfall reconstruction via artificial neural network ? case study: south of Brazil

International audienceClimatological records users, frequently, request time series for geographical locations where there is no observed meteorological attributes. Climatological conditions of the areas or points of interest have to be calculated interpolating observations in the time of neighboring stations and climate proxy. The aim of the present work is the application of reliable and robust procedures for monthly reconstruction of precipitation time series. Time series is a special case of symbolic regression and we can use Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to explore the spatiotemporal dependence of meteorological attributes. The ANN seems to be an important tool for the propagation of the related weather information to provide practical solution of uncertainties associated with interpolation, capturing the spatiotemporal structure of the data. In practice, one determines the embedding dimension of the time series attractor (delay time that determine how data are processed) and uses these numbers to define the network's architecture. Meteorological attributes can be accurately predicted by the ANN model architecture: designing, training, validation and testing; the best generalization of new data is obtained when the mapping represents the systematic aspects of the data, rather capturing the specific details of the particular training set. As illustration one takes monthly total rainfall series recorded in the period 1961?2005 in the Rio Grande do Sul ? Brazil. This reliable and robust reconstruction method has good performance and in particular, they were able to capture the intrinsic dynamic of atmospheric activities. The regional rainfall has been related to high-frequency atmospheric phenomena, such as El Niño and La Niña events, and low frequency phenomena, such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation

Participation of students in the curricular design of education for transformative peace

Teniendo como finalidad mejorar la currícula del programa Jóvenes Voluntari@s Universitari@s por la Paz del Área de Paz del Instituto Universitario en Democracia, Paz y Seguridad (IUDPAS) de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras (UNAH), se desarrolló un proceso participativo entre los y las participantes recurriendo a la metodología de la sistematización consistente en una crítica reconstrucción de la experiencia educativa con la que propiciar la reflexión colectiva sobre el proceso vivido. En este artículo se expone el marco teórico de partida, la metodología empleada y los resultados del proceso implementado.With the purpose of improving the curriculum of the University Young Volunteers for Peace program of the Peace Area of the University Institute for Democracy, Peace and Security (IUDPAS) of the National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), a participatory process was developed among the participants using the systematization methodology consisting of a critical reconstruction of the educational experience in order to encourage collective reflection on the process. This article presents the starting theoretical framework, the methodology used and the results of the implemented process

Body-axis organization in tetrapods: a model-system to disentangle the developmental origins of convergent evolution in deep time

Convergent evolution is a central concept in evolutionary theory but the underlying mechanism has been largely debated since On the Origin of Species. Previous hypotheses predict that developmental constraints make some morphologies more likely to arise than others and natural selection discards those of the lowest fitness. However, the quantification of the role and strength of natural selection and developmental constraint in shaping convergent phenotypes on macroevolutionary timescales is challenging because the information regarding performance and development is not directly available. Accordingly, current knowledge of how embryonic development and natural selection drive phenotypic evolution in vertebrates has been extended from studies performed at short temporal scales. We propose here the organization of the tetrapod body-axis as a model system to investigate the developmental origins of convergent evolution over hundreds of millions of years. The quantification of the primary developmental mechanisms driving body-axis organization (i.e. somitogenesis, homeotic effects and differential growth) can be inferred from vertebral counts, and recent techniques of three-dimensional computational biomechanics have the necessary potential to reveal organismal performance even in fossil forms. The combination of both approaches offers a novel and robust methodological framework to test competing hypotheses on the functional and developmental drivers of phenotypic evolution and evolutionary convergence

On Spike-Timing-Dependent-Plasticity, Memristive Devices, and Building a Self-Learning Visual Cortex

In this paper we present a very exciting overlap between emergent nanotechnology and neuroscience, which has been discovered by neuromorphic engineers. Specifically, we are linking one type of memristor nanotechnology devices to the biological synaptic update rule known as spike-time-dependent-plasticity (STDP) found in real biological synapses. Understanding this link allows neuromorphic engineers to develop circuit architectures that use this type of memristors to artificially emulate parts of the visual cortex. We focus on the type of memristors referred to as voltage or flux driven memristors and focus our discussions on a behavioral macro-model for such devices. The implementations result in fully asynchronous architectures with neurons sending their action potentials not only forward but also backward. One critical aspect is to use neurons that generate spikes of specific shapes. We will see how by changing the shapes of the neuron action potential spikes we can tune and manipulate the STDP learning rules for both excitatory and inhibitory synapses. We will see how neurons and memristors can be interconnected to achieve large scale spiking learning systems, that follow a type of multiplicative STDP learning rule. We will briefly extend the architectures to use three-terminal transistors with similar memristive behavior. We will illustrate how a V1 visual cortex layer can assembled and how it is capable of learning to extract orientations from visual data coming from a real artificial CMOS spiking retina observing real life scenes. Finally, we will discuss limitations of currently available memristors. The results presented are based on behavioral simulations and do not take into account non-idealities of devices and interconnects. The aim of this paper is to present, in a tutorial manner, an initial framework for the possible development of fully asynchronous STDP learning neuromorphic architectures exploiting two or three-terminal memristive type devices. All files used for the simulations are made available through the journal web site1

To den or not to den. Contributions to the taphonomic history of the Early Pleistocene site of Venta Micena 4 (Orce, Guadix-Baza Basin)

Venta Micena (Orce, Guadix-Baza Basin, Spain) is an Early Pleistocene locality renowned for the richness and quality of its palaeontological record. VM is spread over an area of 2.5 km2, where several exposed fossil outcrops are visible amidst its gorges and ravines. The best known of these sites, VM3, has been interpreted as a hyaena den. In addition, a new site, named VM4, has recently been the focus of fieldwork and taphonomic studies. The publication by Luz on et al. (2021) pointed out that VM4 presents a more complex history than VM3. First, two different sub-levels were identified: VM4-I and VM4-II. Secondly, the preliminary taphonomic analysis showed conspicuous differences with regard to VM3. Nevertheless, such interpretation has been challenged by Palmqvist et al. (2022) who proposed that VM3 and VM4 are both the result of a single depositional process, entailing the selective transport of skeletal parts by the giant extinct hyaena Pachycrocuta brevirostris back to its den. Using well-preserved faunal elements whose depositional context and provenance are reliable, in this paper we show that: 1) there are two clearly defined sub-levels in VM4 with some shared taphonomic characteristics as well as some notable differences; 2) VM3 and VM4 exhibit enough divergence to support differences in site formation processes; 3) The interpretation of both VM4-I and VM4-II is more consistent with their characterisation as open-air sites in which multiple agents and depositional processes contributed to its formation, rather than with hyaena dens. Nevertheless, excavations are still in progress at VM4 and therefore any results and interpretations ought to be considered as provisional.Consejeía de Cultura de la Junta de Andalucia through the General Research Project Primeras ocupaciones humanas y contexto paleoecologico a partir de los depositos Plio-pleistocenos de la cuenca Guadix-Baza BC.03.032/17Inside the Artefacts & Ecofacts" Excellence Unit (University of Granada) HUM-607 PID 2021.125098NB.I00 MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDERUna manera de hacer Europa ProyExcel_00274 2021 SGR 01238Agencia de Gestio D'Ajuts Universitaris de Recerca Agaur (AGAUR) Generalitat de CatalunyaNational Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia PRE2020-094482 CEX2019-000945-M-20-1Spanish GovernmentArchaeometrical Studies. Inside the Artefacts & Ecofacts" Excellence Unit (University of Granad

Dental Caries in the Fossil Record: A Window to the Evolution of Dietary Plasticity in an Extinct Bear

During the late Pleistocene of North America (≈36,000 to 10,000 years ago), saber-toothed cats, American lions, dire wolves, and coyotes competed for prey resources at Rancho La Brea (RLB). Despite the fact that the giant short-faced bear (Arctodus simus) was the largest land carnivoran present in the fauna, there is no evidence that it competed with these other carnivores for prey at the site. Here, for the first time, we report carious lesions preserved in specimens of A. simus, recovered from RLB. Our results suggest that the population of A. simus from RLB was more omnivorous than the highly carnivorous populations from the Northwest. This dietary variation may be a consequence of different competitive pressures