Garantías económicas y sociales en Locke

With this analysis of the topic I try to identify the libertarian approaches, and consequently, I show the positions of Locke. This will allow us to tracing back the conditions of possibility for a foundation of economic and social rights from classical liberal thought. I argue that there is a contradiction between the Lockean theoretical principles and the radical approaches of libertarians, and show how from Locke appears the necessity for an economic redistribution in favor of an increasing political equality.En la posición de algunos libertarianos, los derechos sociales son inexistentes como “derechos”. Quiero ubicar primero los planteamientos principales de algunos libertarianos y posteriormente mostrar las posiciones de Locke. Esto nos permitiría rastrear las condiciones de posibilidad de fundamentación de los derechos económicos y sociales desde los orígenes del pensamiento liberal. Sostengo que existe una contradicción entre los principios teóricos planteados por Locke y  las propuestas radicales de los libertarianos y muestro el modo como desde Locke se sustenta la necesidad de la redistribución económica en aras de una mayor igualdad política

La responsabilidad del pensar

Barranquilla: Ediciones Uninorte, 2008. 630 pp

Relación dialógica y formación en valores en una universidad de la Costa Caribe Colombiana

La relación dialógica docente-estudiante en el ámbito universitario es un medio para la vivencia de valores éticos y, en consecuencia, una posibilidad para que los estudiantes los aprecien y tiendan hacia ellos. La presente investigación desde un enfoque hermenéutico-interpretativo busca analizar cómo este tipo de relación aporta al desarrollo de los valores éticos de los estudiantes en la educación superior. Con el fin de analizar en profundidad la interacción docente-estudiante, bajo una metodología predominantemente cualitativa con un apoyo cuantitativo, esta investigación se llevó a cabo como un estudio descriptivo en la facultad de Derecho de una universidad del norte de Colombia. Como resultados de la investigación se observa la tensión de un modelo pedagógico tradicional arraigado en la institución de estudio con nuevos modelos socioculturales y pedagógicos. Se aprecia que la falta de un factor emocional llevaría a la ausencia de otros, de igual manera se observa que el afecto sería la base para que otros factores emocionales puedan experimentarse, y de ahí, la importancia de lograr una relación dialógica afectuosa y equilibrada entre docente y estudiante. Se concluye que la relación dialógica contribuye a la formación integral cuando el estudiante experimenta valores éticos en la dinámica con el docente

El carnaval rural andino: Fiesta de la vida y la fertilidad

Publicación sobre cinco carnavales de la región andina del Perú: Carnaval de Tambobamba (Cotabambas, Apurímac), Carnaval de Tambogán y Utao (Huánuco), Carnaval de Santiago de Chocorvos (Huaytará, Huancavelica), Carnaval de Santiago de Pupuja (Azángaro, Puno) y el Carnaval de de Marco (Jauja, Junín)

Eficacia del implante coclear en la Clínica Visual y Auditiva del Instituto para Niños Ciegos y Sordos del Valle del Cauca

Introduction: Sensorineural hearing loss is a problem of special importance for the intellectual and social development of children. From its early detection and timely treatment depends a better result in terms of hearing gain and achievements in language development and therefore, in communication. An incidence of hearing loss is estimated between one to three per thousand live births. When it occurs in late stages or in young adults, it produces great disturbances in the family, academic or work life of the people. Cochlear implants are now a therapeutic alternative of choice in people who do not benefit from other hearing aids or with profound loss of hearing. Material and methods: a quasi-experimental type before and after study was performed in 69 patients undergoing cochlear implantation in the period 2013 to 2015 at the Instituto para niños ciegos y sordos del Valle. All the patients had a diagnosis of hearing loss of profound bilateral sensorineural origin. In addition to the socio-demographic variables, those related to audimetries and speech and language assessments carried out by expert personnel before and after the implant was evaluated. Results: 51% of the patients received the implant in the prelingual stage with a median age of three years (range 2 to 12) and 35 patients received it in the poslingling stage (median age 43 years, range 3 to 76). The gain in hearing was higher in post-lingual patients because 88% reached a level four corresponding to the understanding of spoken language. In prelingual patients a greater variability in the results was observed. All differences in when hearing gain or speech levels were statistically significant. Conclusion: The cochlear implant significantly improved hearing and language development in both groups of patients. The most important predictors were: duration of hearing loss, the time of onset of hearing loss, social and family support and the type of rehabilitation performed after implantation.Introducción: La hipoacusia neurosensorial es un problema de especial importancia para el desarrollo intelectual y social de los niños. De su detección temprana y tratamiento oportuno depende un mejor resultado en términos de la ganancia auditiva y logros en el desarrollo del lenguaje y por tanto, en la comunicación. Se estima una incidencia de hipoacusia entre uno a tres por mil nacidos vivos. Cuando se presenta en etapas tardías o en adultos jóvenes produce grandes trastornos en la vida familiar, académica o laboral de las personas. Los implantes cocleares son ahora una alternativa terapéutica de elección en personas que no se benefician de otras ayudas auditiva o con perdida profunda de su audición. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio cuasi experimental tipo antes y después en 69 pacientes sometidos a implante coclear en el periodo 2013 a 2015 en el Instituto para niños ciegos y sordos del Valle. Todos los pacientes tenían un diagnóstico de hipoacusia de origen neurosensorial bilateral profunda. Se evaluaron, además de las variables socio demográficas, las relacionadas con audimetrías y valoraciones de lenguaje y habla realizadas por personal experto antes y después de la realización del implante. Resultados: El 51% de los pacientes recibieron el implante en etapa prelingual con una mediana de edad de tres años (rango 2 a 12) y 35 pacientes lo recibieron en etapa poslingual (mediana de edad 43 años, rango de 3 a 76). La ganancia en audición fue mayor en pacientes poslinguales pues el 88% alcanzaron un nivel cuatro que corresponde a comprensión del lenguaje hablado. En pacientes prelinguales se observó una mayor variabilidad en los resultados. Todas las diferencias en cuando a la ganancia en audición o niveles de habla fueron estadísticamente significativas. Conclusión: El implante coclear mejoró sustancialmente los niveles de audición y desarrollo del lenguaje en ambos grupos de pacientes. Los factores de mayor importancia pronostica fueron: duración de la hipoacusia, el momento de la aparición de la pérdida auditiva, el apoyo social y familiar y el tipo de rehabilitación realizado luego de la implantación

Internacionalización de las prácticas de laboratorio en las asignaturas del área de Electromagnetismo del grado de Ingeniería Electrónica

En esta memoria se describen los resultados del proyecto num 122, "Internacionalización de las prácticas de laboratorio en las asignaturas del área de Electromagnetismo del grado de Ingeniería Electrónica". Se han realizado más de veinte vídeos divulgativos en ingles sobre las técnicas experimentales que se estudian en las asignaturas del Área de Electromagnetismo de la Ingeniería Electrónica de Comunicaciones. Estos vídeos se han cargado en un canal de Youtube, al que se puede acceder desde la página web www.ucm.es/elec

Radar on RAIA: High frequency radars in the RAIA Observatory

The RADAR ON RAIA project aims to update and extend beyond the Galician border the High Frequency (HF) radar network that has been operating since 2011 in the framework of the RAIA Observatory. The Project is allowing the establishment of a cross-border collaboration beyond the physical infrastructure itself, developing a sharing strategy of maintenance procedures, validation and data processing on both sides of the border, as well as an easy and public access to all the information. In addition, new products are being developed to exploit the potential of the HF radar technology.Peer Reviewe

IL-6 serum levels predict severity and response to tocilizumab in COVID-19: An observational study

Background: Patients with coronavirus disaese 2019 (COVID-19) can develop a cytokine release syndrome that eventually leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Because IL-6 is a relevant cytokine in acute respiratory distress syndrome, the blockade of its receptor with tocilizumab (TCZ) could reduce mortality and/or morbidity in severe COVID-19. Objective: We sought to determine whether baseline IL-6 serum levels can predict the need for IMV and the response to TCZ. Methods: A retrospective observational study was performed in hospitalized patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Clinical information and laboratory findings, including IL-6 levels, were collected approximately 3 and 9 days after admission to be matched with preadministration and postadministration of TCZ. Multivariable logistic and linear regressions and survival analysis were performed depending on outcomes: need for IMV, evolution of arterial oxygen tension/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio, or mortality. Results: One hundred forty-six patients were studied, predominantly males (66%); median age was 63 years. Forty-four patients (30%) required IMV, and 58 patients (40%) received treatment with TCZ. IL-6 levels greater than 30 pg/mL was the best predictor for IMV (odds ratio, 7.1; P < .001). Early administration of TCZ was associated with improvement in oxygenation (arterial oxygen tension/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio) in patients with high IL-6 (P = .048). Patients with high IL-6 not treated with TCZ showed high mortality (hazard ratio, 4.6; P = .003), as well as those with low IL-6 treated with TCZ (hazard ratio, 3.6; P = .016). No relevant serious adverse events were observed in TCZ-treated patients. Conclusions: Baseline IL-6 greater than 30 pg/mL predicts IMV requirement in patients with COVID-19 and contributes to establish an adequate indication for TCZ administrationThis study was funded by Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (MINECO) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (grant nos. RD16/0011/0012 and PI18/ 0371 to I.G.A., grant no. PI19/00549 to A.A., and grant no. SAF2017-82886-R to F.S.-M.) and co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund. The study was also funded by ‘‘La Caixa Banking Foundation’’ (grant no. HR17-00016 to F.S.-M.) and ‘‘Fondos Supera COVID19’’ by Banco de Santander and CRUE. None of these sponsors have had any role in study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the article for publicatio

Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022–2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Future trends in disease burden and drivers of health are of great interest to policy makers and the public at large. This information can be used for policy and long-term health investment, planning, and prioritisation. We have expanded and improved upon previous forecasts produced as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) and provide a reference forecast (the most likely future), and alternative scenarios assessing disease burden trajectories if selected sets of risk factors were eliminated from current levels by 2050. Methods: Using forecasts of major drivers of health such as the Socio-demographic Index (SDI; a composite measure of lag-distributed income per capita, mean years of education, and total fertility under 25 years of age) and the full set of risk factor exposures captured by GBD, we provide cause-specific forecasts of mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by age and sex from 2022 to 2050 for 204 countries and territories, 21 GBD regions, seven super-regions, and the world. All analyses were done at the cause-specific level so that only risk factors deemed causal by the GBD comparative risk assessment influenced future trajectories of mortality for each disease. Cause-specific mortality was modelled using mixed-effects models with SDI and time as the main covariates, and the combined impact of causal risk factors as an offset in the model. At the all-cause mortality level, we captured unexplained variation by modelling residuals with an autoregressive integrated moving average model with drift attenuation. These all-cause forecasts constrained the cause-specific forecasts at successively deeper levels of the GBD cause hierarchy using cascading mortality models, thus ensuring a robust estimate of cause-specific mortality. For non-fatal measures (eg, low back pain), incidence and prevalence were forecasted from mixed-effects models with SDI as the main covariate, and YLDs were computed from the resulting prevalence forecasts and average disability weights from GBD. Alternative future scenarios were constructed by replacing appropriate reference trajectories for risk factors with hypothetical trajectories of gradual elimination of risk factor exposure from current levels to 2050. The scenarios were constructed from various sets of risk factors: environmental risks (Safer Environment scenario), risks associated with communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (CMNNs; Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination scenario), risks associated with major non-communicable diseases (NCDs; Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario), and the combined effects of these three scenarios. Using the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways climate scenarios SSP2-4.5 as reference and SSP1-1.9 as an optimistic alternative in the Safer Environment scenario, we accounted for climate change impact on health by using the most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change temperature forecasts and published trajectories of ambient air pollution for the same two scenarios. Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy were computed using standard methods. The forecasting framework includes computing the age-sex-specific future population for each location and separately for each scenario. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for each individual future estimate were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of distributions generated from propagating 500 draws through the multistage computational pipeline. Findings: In the reference scenario forecast, global and super-regional life expectancy increased from 2022 to 2050, but improvement was at a slower pace than in the three decades preceding the COVID-19 pandemic (beginning in 2020). Gains in future life expectancy were forecasted to be greatest in super-regions with comparatively low life expectancies (such as sub-Saharan Africa) compared with super-regions with higher life expectancies (such as the high-income super-region), leading to a trend towards convergence in life expectancy across locations between now and 2050. At the super-region level, forecasted healthy life expectancy patterns were similar to those of life expectancies. Forecasts for the reference scenario found that health will improve in the coming decades, with all-cause age-standardised DALY rates decreasing in every GBD super-region. The total DALY burden measured in counts, however, will increase in every super-region, largely a function of population ageing and growth. We also forecasted that both DALY counts and age-standardised DALY rates will continue to shift from CMNNs to NCDs, with the most pronounced shifts occurring in sub-Saharan Africa (60·1% [95% UI 56·8–63·1] of DALYs were from CMNNs in 2022 compared with 35·8% [31·0–45·0] in 2050) and south Asia (31·7% [29·2–34·1] to 15·5% [13·7–17·5]). This shift is reflected in the leading global causes of DALYs, with the top four causes in 2050 being ischaemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, compared with 2022, with ischaemic heart disease, neonatal disorders, stroke, and lower respiratory infections at the top. The global proportion of DALYs due to YLDs likewise increased from 33·8% (27·4–40·3) to 41·1% (33·9–48·1) from 2022 to 2050, demonstrating an important shift in overall disease burden towards morbidity and away from premature death. The largest shift of this kind was forecasted for sub-Saharan Africa, from 20·1% (15·6–25·3) of DALYs due to YLDs in 2022 to 35·6% (26·5–43·0) in 2050. In the assessment of alternative future scenarios, the combined effects of the scenarios (Safer Environment, Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination, and Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenarios) demonstrated an important decrease in the global burden of DALYs in 2050 of 15·4% (13·5–17·5) compared with the reference scenario, with decreases across super-regions ranging from 10·4% (9·7–11·3) in the high-income super-region to 23·9% (20·7–27·3) in north Africa and the Middle East. The Safer Environment scenario had its largest decrease in sub-Saharan Africa (5·2% [3·5–6·8]), the Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario in north Africa and the Middle East (23·2% [20·2–26·5]), and the Improved Nutrition and Vaccination scenario in sub-Saharan Africa (2·0% [–0·6 to 3·6]). Interpretation: Globally, life expectancy and age-standardised disease burden were forecasted to improve between 2022 and 2050, with the majority of the burden continuing to shift from CMNNs to NCDs. That said, continued progress on reducing the CMNN disease burden will be dependent on maintaining investment in and policy emphasis on CMNN disease prevention and treatment. Mostly due to growth and ageing of populations, the number of deaths and DALYs due to all causes combined will generally increase. By constructing alternative future scenarios wherein certain risk exposures are eliminated by 2050, we have shown that opportunities exist to substantially improve health outcomes in the future through concerted efforts to prevent exposure to well established risk factors and to expand access to key health interventions