Response: Commentary: Energetic particle forcing of the Northern Hemisphere winter stratosphere: comparison to solar irradiance forcing

Variation in solar irradiance is considered an important factor in natural climate forcing. Variations in the solar UV in particular are now regarded as a major source of decadal variability in the stratosphere, influencing surface climate through stratosphere-troposphere coupling.However, by analyzing meteorological re-analysis data we find that the magnitude of the solar controlled energetic particle forcing signal in stratospheric zonal mean zonal winds and polar temperatures is equivalent to those arising from solar irradiance variations during the Northern hemisphere polar winter months.We find that energetic particle forcing drives warmer polar upper stratospheric temperatures from early winter leading to an anomalously strong polar night jet via modulation of the vertical temperature gradient. By midwinter the stratosphere-troposphere coupling pathway becomes analogous to the solar UV impact at high latitudes. This not only highlights the importance of the energetic particle forcing contribution to stratospheric circulation, but enables us to understand the pathways responsible for the previously reported energetic particle forcing impacts on the troposphere in terms of the coupling of solar UV forcing to dynamics in the latter part of the winter.<br/

“Hi fellow ASMR friend, wishing you a wonderful day” : Vuorovaikutus ja yhteisöllisyys ASMR-videoiden kommenteissa

Internetiin julkaistaan visuaalisia ja auditiivisia ärsykkeitä eli triggereitä sisältäviä videoita, joita kutsutaan ASMR-videoiksi. Niiden tarkoitus on herättää katselijassa tai kuuntelijassa fyysinen reaktio. Fyysisiä tuntemuksia voivat olla esimerkiksi väristyksen ja kihelmöinnin tunteet etenkin päässä, mutta myös muualla kehossa. Tunne on positiivinen ja sitä kuvaillaan maksimaaliseksi rentoutumiseksi. ASMR-videoiden alkuperäinen ja edelleenkin suosituin katselualusta on videopalvelu YouTube. Videoita ja niiden aiheuttamaa hyvän olon tunnetta käytetään esimerkiksi ahdistuksen ja unettomuuden helpottamiseen. Tässä tutkimuksessa haluttiin ymmärtää ASMR-internetkulttuuria ja sitä ylläpitävää yhteisöllisyyttä. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää, miten vuorovaikutus ja yhteisöllisyys ASMR-yhteisössä rakentuvat. Tavoitetta lähestyttiin selvittämällä, mitä teemoja ASMR-videoiden kommenteista nousee esille, millaista vuorovaikutusta kyseiset teemat rakentavat kommentoijien välille ja mitä yhteisöllisyyden elementtejä kommenteissa on havaittavissa. Tutkimuksen aineisto muodostui kuuden erilaisen ASMR-videon kommenteista, ja kommentteja oli aineistossa yhteensä 280. Aineisto koodattiin ensin käyttäen YouTube-kommenttien luokittelujärjestelmää. Tämän jälkeen kommentteja analysoitiin sisällönanalyysin avulla. Niistä tunnistettiin erilaisia teemoja ja teemojen myötä syntynyttä vuorovaikutusta analysoitiin. Teemoja ja vuorovaikutusta peilattiin lopulta yhteisöllisyyden tunteeseen liittyvään SOVC- malliin. Tutkimuksen viitekehys ja teoreettinen tausta rakentuvat niin ASMR:ään liittyvästä aiemmasta tutkimuksesta kuin myös yhteisöihin ja yhteisöllisyyteen liittyvästä aiemmasta tutkimuksesta. Tutkimuksen tuloksena muodostui neljä pääteemaa, joita olivat vertaistuki, kevyt keskustelu, yhteinen hyvä ja osana yhteisöä. Pääteemat jakautuivat myös tarkempiin alateemoihin. Tuloksista nähdään, että teemojen myötä kommentoijien välille rakentui avointa, luottamuksellista, leikkimielistä ja huumorilla täydennettyä vuorovaikutusta. Lisäksi vuorovaikutus validoi yhteisön olemassaoloa ja sitä, että kommentoijia ylipäätään voidaan kutsua yhteisöksi. Kommentteja analysoitaessa oli niistä myös havaittavissa tiettyjä SOVC-mallin yhteisöllisyyden elementtejä, joista vahvimmin toteutuivat jäsenyys ja tarpeiden täyttyminen. Tulokset vahvistavat tutkimuksen lähtöoletuksen siitä, että ASMR-videoiden kommentoijat muodostavat keskenään yhteisön. Kommenteissa muodostuu avointa ja ystävällistä vuorovaikutusta ja keskustelua on hyvinkin laajasti eri aiheista. Kommenteista on huomattavissa, että ASMR-videot ovat monille merkittävä osa arkea ja niistä haetaan viihteen lisäksi myös lohtua ja rentouttavaa vaikutusta. Videoiden katsomisen lisäksi monille katsojille ASMR-yhteisön olemassaolo ja siellä vallitseva keskustelukulttuuri ja toisiin samaistuminen vaikuttaisi olevan itse videoiden lisäksi hyvin tärkeää

Havaintoja korkeaenergisen hiukkaspresipitaation ilmakehässä tuottamista typen oksideista ja niiden kulkeutumisesta polaariyössä

This work is focused on the effects of energetic particle precipitation of solar or magnetospheric origin on the polar middle atmosphere. The energetic charged particles have access to the atmosphere in the polar areas, where they are guided by the Earth's magnetic field. The particles penetrate down to 20-100 km altitudes (stratosphere and mesosphere) ionising the ambient air. This ionisation leads to production of odd nitrogen (NOx) and odd hydrogen species, which take part in catalytic ozone destruction. NOx has a very long chemical lifetime during polar night conditions. Therefore NOx produced at high altitudes during polar night can be transported to lower stratospheric altitudes. Particular emphasis in this work is in the use of both space and ground based observations: ozone and NO2 measurements from the GOMOS instrument on board the European Space Agency's Envisat-satellite are used together with subionospheric VLF radio wave observations from ground stations. Combining the two observation techniques enabled detection of NOx enhancements throughout the middle atmosphere, including tracking the descent of NOx enhancements of high altitude origin down to the stratosphere. GOMOS observations of the large Solar Proton Events of October-November 2003 showed the progression of the SPE initiated NOx enhancements through the polar winter. In the upper stratosphere, nighttime NO2 increased by an order of magnitude, and the effect was observed to last for several weeks after the SPEs. Ozone decreases up to 60 % from the pre-SPE values were observed in the upper stratosphere nearly a month after the events. Over several weeks the GOMOS observations showed the gradual descent of the NOx enhancements to lower altitudes. Measurements from years 2002-2006 were used to study polar winter NOx increases and their connection to energetic particle precipitation. NOx enhancements were found to occur in a good correlation with both increased high-energy particle precipitation and increased geomagnetic activity. The average wintertime polar NOx was found to have a nearly linear relationship with the average wintertime geomagnetic activity. The results from this thesis work show how important energetic particle precipitation from outside the atmosphere is as a source of NOx in the middle atmosphere, and thus its importance to the chemical balance of the atmosphere.Tässä väitöskirjatyössä tutkitaan maan napa-alueiden ilmakehään auringosta tai magnetosfääristä tulevien korkeaenergisten varattujen hiukkasten vaikutuksia ilmakehän koostumukseen. Nämä hiukkaset, joista pääosa on elektroneita ja protoneita, tunkeutuvat maan napa-alueiden ilmakehään ionisoiden sitä noin 20-100 km korkeusalueella. Tämä keski-ilmakehäksi kutsuttu alue kattaa stratosfääri- ja mesosfääri-kerrokset. Ilmakehässä varattujen hiukkasten aiheuttamasta ionisaatiosta seuraa typen ja vedyn oksidien tuottoa. Nämä oksidit aiheuttavat ilmakehässä otsonikatoa katalyyttisten kemiallisten reaktioketjujen välityksellä. Typen oksidit (NOx) ovat ilmakehässä napa-alueiden valottomina aikoina hyvin pitkäikäisiä, voiden siten vaikuttaa ilmakehän otsonitasapainoon pitkinä talvisina ajanjaksoina. Työssä on käytetty Euroopan avaruusjärjestön Envisat-ympäristösatelliitissa olevan suomalais-ranskalaisen GOMOS mittalaitteen havaintoja ilmakehän yöaikaisesta koostumuksesta. GOMOS tekee havaintoja öisestä ilmakehästä käyttämällä mittauksissa tähdistä tulevaa säteilyä. GOMOS mittalaitteen avulla havaittiin ensimmäistä kertaa, kuinka Auringossa loka-marraskuussa 2003 tapahtuneiden myrskyjen seuraksena pohjoisen napa-alueen ilmakehän NOx pitoisuus kasvoi ja kuinka kasvaneet pitoisuudet säilyivät ilmakehässä napa-alueen talven aikana saaden aikaan otsonikatoa ylästratosfäärissä ja mesosfäärissä. GOMOSin havaintojen avulla todettiin talvisten napa-alueiden ilmakehän keskimääräisen NOx määrän ja ilmakehään pääsevien korkeaenergisten hiukkasten välillä olevan yhteys myös muulloin kuin aktiivisina aurinkomyrskyaikoina. Yhdistämällä GOMOS mittalaitteen havainnot radioaallonpituuksilla tehtävien niin kutsuttujen VLF mittausten kanssa, saatiin täysin uutta tietoa ilmakehän koostumuksesta. Työhön liittyen kehitettiin menetelmä, jolla radioaaltoalueen mittauksilla voidaan välillisesti havaita typen oksidien lisääntymistä 65-90 km korkeuksilla. Näin voitiin täydentää noin 50 km korkeudelle yltäviä typen oksidien satelliittihavaintoja. Väitöstyön tulokset osoittavat kuinka suuri merkitys ilmakehän ulkopuolelta tulevalla hiukkaspakotteella on ilmakehän kemiallisen tasapainon kannalta, erityisesti stratosfäärin otsonitasapainon kannalta merkittäville typen oksideille

The influence of energetic particle precipitation on Antarctic stratospheric chlorine and ozone over the 20th century

Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) emissions in the latter part of the 20th century reduced stratospheric ozone abundance substantially, especially in the Antarctic region. Simultaneously, polar stratospheric ozone is also destroyed catalytically by nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) descending from the mesosphere and the lower thermosphere during winter. These are produced by energetic particle precipitation (EPP) linked to solar activity and space weather. Active chlorine (ClOx = Cl + ClO) can also react mutually with EPP-produced NOx or hydrogen oxides (HOx ) and transform both reactive agents into reservoir gases, chlorine nitrate or hydrogen chloride, which buffer ozone destruction by all these agents. We study the interaction between EPP-produced NOx , ClO and ozone over the 20th century by using free-running climate simulations of the chemistry–climate model SOCOL3-MPIOM. A substantial increase of NOx descending to the polar stratosphere is found during winter, which causes ozone depletion in the upper and mid-stratosphere. However, in the Antarctic mid-stratosphere, the EPP-induced ozone depletion became less efficient after the 1960s, especially during springtime. Simultaneously, a significant decrease in stratospheric ClO and an increase in hydrogen chloride – and partly chlorine nitrate between 10–30 hPa – can be ascribed to EPP forcing. Hence, the interaction between EPP-produced NOx /HOx and ClO likely suppressed the ozone depletion, due to both EPP and ClO at these altitudes. Furthermore, at the end of the century, a significant ClO increase and ozone decrease were obtained at 100 hPa altitude during winter and spring. This lower stratosphere response shows that EPP can influence the activation of chlorine from reservoir gases on polar stratospheric clouds, thus modulating chemical processes important for ozone hole formation. Our results show that EPP has been a significant modulator of reactive chlorine in the Antarctic stratosphere during the CFC era. With the implementation of the Montreal Protocol, stratospheric chlorine is estimated to return to pre-CFC era levels after 2050. Thus, we expect increased efficiency of chemical ozone destruction by EPP-NOx in the Antarctic upper and mid-stratosphere over coming decades. The future lower stratosphere ozone response by EPP is more uncertain.publishedVersio

Hoitoresistentin skitsofrenian hoitomahdollisuudet

Peer reviewe

Polar Northern Hemisphere Middle Atmospheric Influence due to Energetic Particle Precipitation in January 2005

Solar eruptions and geomagnetic activity led to energetic particle precipitation in early 2005, primarily during the January 16-21 period. Production of OH and destruction of ozone have been documented due to the enhanced energetic solar proton flux in January 2005 [e.g., Verronen et al., Geophys. Res. Lett.,33,L24811,doi:10.1029/2006GL028115, 2006; Seppala et al., Geophys. Res. Lett.,33,L07804, doi:10.1029/2005GL025571,2006]. These solar protons as well as precipitating electrons also led to the production of NO(x) (NO, NO2). Our simulations with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) show that NO(x) is enhanced by 20-50 ppbv in the polar Northern Hemisphere middle mesosphere (approx.60-70 km) by January 18. Both the SCISAT-1 Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) NO(x) measurements and Envisat Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIP AS) nighttime NO2 observations show large increases during this period, in reasonable agreement with WACCM predictions. Such enhancements are considerable for the mesosphere and led to simulated increases in polar Northern Hemisphere upper stratospheric odd nitrogen (NO(y)) of2-5 ppbv into February 2005. The largest ground level enhancement (GLE) of solar cycle 23 occurred on January 20, 2005 with a neutron monitor increase of about 270 percent [Gopalswamy et al., 29th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Pune,00,101-104,2005]. We found that protons of energies 300 to 20,000 MeV, not normally included in our computations, led to enhanced stratospheric NO(y) of less than 1 percent as a result of this GLE. The atmospheric impact of precipitating middle energy electrons (30-2,500 keV) during the January 16-21, 2005 period is also of interest, and an effort is ongoing to include these in WACCM computations. This presentation will show both short- and longer-term changes due to the January 2005 energetic particle precipitation

Predictors of response to pharmacological treatments in treatment-resistant schizophrenia - A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: As the burden of treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) on patients and society is high it is important to identify predictors of response to medications in TRS. The aim was to analyse whether baseline patient and study characteristics predict treatment response in TRS in drug trials. Methods: A comprehensive search strategy completed in PubMed, Cochrane and Web of Science helped identify relevant studies. The studies had to meet the following criteria: English language clinical trial of pharmacological treatment of TRS, clear definition of TRS and response, percentage of response reported, at least one baseline characteristic presented, and total sample size of at least 15. Meta-regression techniques served to explore whether baseline characteristics predict response to medication in TRS. Results: 77 articles were included in the systematic review. The overall sample included 7546 patients, of which 41% achieved response. Higher positive symptom score at baseline predicted higher response percentage. None of the other baseline patient or study characteristics achieved statistical significance at predicting response. When analysed in groups divided by antipsychotic drugs, studies of clozapine and other atypical antipsychotics produced the highest response rate. Conclusions: This meta-analytic review identified surprisingly few baseline characteristics that predicted treatment response. However, higher positive symptoms and the use of atypical antipsychotics - particularly clozapine -was associated with the greatest likelihood of response. The difficulty involved in the prediction of medication response in TRS necessitates careful monitoring and personalised medication management. There is a need for more investigations of the predictors of treatment response in TRS.Peer reviewe

What do we know about treatment-resistant schizophrenia?

Peer reviewe

Towards the definition of a solar forcing dataset for CMIP7

The solar forcing prepared for Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) has been used extensively in climate model experiments and has been tested in various intercomparison studies. Recently, an International Space Science Institute (ISSI) working group has been established to revisit the solar forcing recommendations, based on the lessons learned from CMIP6, and to assess new datasets that have become available, in order to define a road map for building a revised and extended historical solar forcing dataset for the upcoming Phase 7 of CMIP. This paper identifies the possible improvements required and outlines a strategy to address them in the planned new solar forcing dataset. Proposed major changes include the adoption of the new Total and Spectral Solar Irradiance Sensor (TSIS-1) solar reference spectrum for solar spectral irradiance and an improved description of top-of-the-atmosphere energetic electron fluxes, as well as their reconstruction back to 1850 by means of geomagnetic proxy data. In addition, there is an urgent need to consider the proposed updates in the ozone forcing dataset in order to ensure a self-consistent solar forcing in coupled models without interactive chemistry. Regarding future solar forcing, we propose consideration of stochastic ensemble forcing scenarios, ideally in concert with other natural forcings, in order to allow for realistic projections of natural forcing uncertainties

Ground-based estimates of outer radiation belt energetic electron precipitation fluxes into the atmosphere

AARDDVARK data from a radio wave receiver in Sodankyla, Finland have been used to monitor transmissions across the auroral oval and just into the polar cap from the very low frequency communications transmitter, call sign NAA (24.0 kHz, 44 degrees N, 67 degrees W, L = 2.9), in Maine, USA, since 2004. The transmissions are influenced by outer radiation belt (L = 3-7) energetic electron precipitation. In this study, we have been able to show that the observed transmission amplitude variations can be used to determine routinely the flux of energetic electrons entering the upper atmosphere along the total path and between 30 and 90 km. Our analysis of the NAA observations shows that electron precipitation fluxes can vary by 3 orders of magnitude during geomagnetic storms. Typically when averaging over L = 3-7 we find that the >100 keV POES "trapped" fluxes peak at about 10(6) el. cm(-2) s(-1) sr(-1) during geomagnetic storms, with the DEMETER >100 keV drift loss cone showing peak fluxes of 105 el. cm(-2) s(-1) sr(-1), and both the POES >100 keV "loss" fluxes and the NAA ground-based >100 keV precipitation fluxes showing peaks of similar to 10(4) el. cm(-2) s(-1) sr(-1). During a geomagnetic storm in July 2005, there were systematic MLT variations in the fluxes observed: electron precipitation flux in the midnight sector (22-06 MLT) exceeded the fluxes from the morning side (0330-1130 MLT) and also from the afternoon sector (1130-1930 MLT). The analysis of NAA amplitude variability has the potential of providing a detailed, near real-time, picture of energetic electron precipitation fluxes from the outer radiation belts